Editing Electromagnetic compatibility (section)

== History ==

=== Origins ===

The earliest EMC issue was [[lightning]] strike (lightning [[electromagnetic pulse]], or LEMP) on ships and buildings. [[Lightning rod]]s or lightning conductors began to appear in the mid-18th century. With the advent of widespread [[electricity generation]] and power supply lines from the late 19th century on, problems also arose with equipment [[Short circuit|short-circuit]] failure affecting the power supply, and with local fire and shock hazard when the power line was struck by lightning. Power stations were provided with output [[circuit breaker]]s. Buildings and appliances would soon be provided with input [[Fuse (electrical)|fuses]], and later in the 20th century miniature circuit breakers (MCB) would come into use.

=== Early twentieth century ===

It may be said that radio interference and its correction arose with the first spark-gap experiment of [[Guglielmo Marconi|Marconi]] in the late 1800s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Introduction to electromagnetic compatibility|last=Clayton|first=Paul|publisher=Wiley|year=2008|isbn=978-81-265-2875-2|pages=10}}</ref> As [[Radio|radio communications]] developed in the first half of the 20th century, interference between [[broadcast]] radio signals began to occur and an international regulatory framework was set up to ensure interference-free communications.

Switching devices became commonplace through the middle of the 20th century, typically in petrol powered cars and motorcycles but also in domestic appliances such as thermostats and refrigerators. This caused transient interference with domestic radio and (after World War II) TV reception, and in due course laws were passed requiring the suppression of such interference sources.

ESD problems first arose with accidental [[electric spark]] discharges in hazardous environments such as coal mines and when refuelling aircraft or motor cars. Safe working practices had to be developed.

=== Postwar period ===

After World War II the military became increasingly concerned with the effects of nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP), lightning strike, and even high-powered [[radar]] beams, on vehicle and mobile equipment of all kinds, and especially aircraft electrical systems.

When high RF emission levels from other sources became a potential problem (such as with the advent of [[microwave oven]]s), certain frequency bands were designated for Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) use, allowing emission levels limited only by thermal safety standards. Later, the International Telecommunication Union adopted a Recommendation providing limits of radiation from ISM devices in order to protect radiocommunications. A variety of issues such as sideband and harmonic emissions, broadband sources, and the ever-increasing popularity of electrical switching devices and their victims, resulted in a steady development of standards and laws.

From the late 1970s, the popularity of modern digital circuitry rapidly grew. As the technology developed, with ever-faster switching speeds (increasing emissions) and lower circuit voltages (increasing susceptibility), EMC increasingly became a source of concern. Many more nations became aware of EMC as a growing problem and issued directives to the manufacturers of digital electronic equipment, which set out the essential manufacturer requirements before their equipment could be marketed or sold. Organizations in individual nations, across Europe and worldwide, were set up to maintain these directives and associated standards. In 1979, the American [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] published a regulation that required the electromagnetic emissions of all "digital devices" to be below certain limits.<ref name=":0" /> This regulatory environment led to a sharp growth in the EMC industry supplying specialist devices and equipment, analysis and design software, and testing and certification services. Low-voltage digital circuits, especially CMOS transistors, became more susceptible to ESD damage as they were miniaturised and, despite the development of on-chip hardening techniques, a new ESD regulatory regime had to be developed.

=== Modern era ===

From the 1980s on the explosive growth in [[mobile communication]]s and broadcast media channels put huge pressure on the available airspace. Regulatory authorities began squeezing band allocations closer and closer together, relying on increasingly sophisticated EMC control methods, especially in the digital communications domain, to keep cross-channel interference to acceptable levels. Digital systems are inherently less susceptible than analogue systems, and also offer far easier ways (such as software) to implement highly sophisticated protection and [[error-correction]] measures.

In 1985, the USA released the ISM bands for low-power mobile digital communications, leading to the development of [[Wi-Fi]] and remotely-operated car door keys. This approach relies on the intermittent nature of ISM interference and use of sophisticated error-correction methods to ensure lossless reception during the quiet gaps between any bursts of interference.