Editing Electromagnetic propulsion (section)

==History==

One of the first recorded discoveries regarding electromagnetic propulsion was in 1889 when Professor [[Elihu Thomson]] made public his work with electromagnetic waves and alternating currents.<ref name="katetwo">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/thomson.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030415043230/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/thomson.html |archive-date=2003-04-15 |title=Inventor of the week- Elihu Thomson |date=February 2002}}</ref><ref name="katethree">Harding, R, & Darroch, D. (2003, May). Emile bachelet collection. Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8302.htm |title=Technology, Invention, and Innovation Collections |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311024455/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8302.htm |archive-date=2010-03-11 }}</ref> A few years later Emile Bachelet proposed the idea of a metal carriage levitated in air above the rails in a modern railway, which he showcased in the early 1890s.<ref name="katetwo" /><ref name="katethree" /> In the 1960s [[Eric Laithwaite|Eric Roberts Laithwaite]] developed the [[linear induction motor]], which built upon these principles and introduced the first practical application of electromagnetic propulsion.<ref name="katefour">James R. Powell ph.d. (2002). Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/2000/powell_james.faw?winner_id=3708 |title=James Powell - the Franklin Institute Awards - Laureate Database |access-date=2010-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601210529/http://www.fi.edu/winners/2000/powell_james.faw?winner_id=3708 |archive-date=2010-06-01 }}</ref> In 1966 [[James R. Powell (physicist)|James R. Powell]] and [[Gordon Danby]] patented the superconducting [[maglev (transport)|maglev]] transportation system, and after this engineers around the world raced to create the first high-speed rail.<ref name="katefour" /><ref name="katefive">{{Cite web |url=http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/Summer03/maglev2.html |author1=Powell, J. |author2=Danby, G. |date=2005 |title=Maglev the new mode of transport for the 21st century |work=The 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine}}</ref> From 1984 to 1995 the first commercial automated maglev system ran in Birmingham.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} It was a low speed Maglev shuttle that ran from the Birmingham International Airport to the Birmingham International Railway System.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
In the USSR at the beginning of 1960th at the Institute of Hydrodynamics, Novosibirsk, Russia, prof. [[Vladilen F. Minin|V.F. Minin]] laid down the experimental foundations of electromagnetic accelerating of bodies to hypersonic velocity.<ref name="”minin”">{{cite conference | last1= Shipilov | first1=S E| last2= Yakubov | first2=V P | title= History of technical protection. 60 years in science: to the jubilee of Prof. V.F. Minin | conference= IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering | publisher=[[IOP Publishing]] | volume=363 | issue= 12033 | date=2018 | page=012033| doi=10.1088/1757-899X/363/1/012033| bibcode=2018MS&E..363a2033S| doi-access= free}}</ref>{{COI source|sure=yes|date=July 2020}}