Editing Electronic counter-countermeasure (section)

==History==
Ever since electronics have been used in battle in an attempt to gain superiority over the enemy, effort has been spent on techniques to reduce the effectiveness of those electronics. More recently, sensors and weapons are being modified to deal with this threat. One of the most common types of [[Electronic countermeasures|ECM]] is [[radar jamming]] or [[Spoofing attack|spoofing]]. This originated with the [[Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force's]] use of what they codenamed ''Window'' during [[World War II]], which Americans referred to as ''[[Chaff (countermeasure)|chaff]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McArthur |first=Charles W. |title=Operations Analysis in the United States Army Eighth Air Force in World War II, Vol. 4 |date=1990 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=0-8218-0158-9 |location=Providence, R.I. |pages=254 |language=en}}</ref> It was first used during the [[Hamburg]] raid on July 24-25, 1943.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Air Force Magazine |date=2007 |publisher=Air Force Association |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> Jamming also may have originated with the British during World War II, when they began jamming [[History of Germany during World War II|German]] [[radio]] communications. These efforts include the successful British disruption of German [[Luftwaffe]] navigational radio beams.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sterling |first=Christopher H. |title=Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85109-732-6 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=138 |language=en}}</ref>

In perhaps the first example of ECCM, the Germans increased their radio transmitter power in an attempt to 'burn through' or override the British jamming, which by necessity of the [[Radio jamming|jammer]] being airborne or further away produced weaker signals. This is still one of the primary methods of ECCM today. For example, modern airborne jammers are able to identify incoming [[radar]] signals from other aircraft and send them back with random delays and other modifications in an attempt to confuse the opponent's radar set, making the 'blip' jump around wildly and become impossible to range. More powerful airborne radars means that it is possible to 'burn through' the jamming at much greater ranges by overpowering the jamming energy with the actual radar returns. The Germans were not really able to overcome the chaff spoofing very successfully and had to work around it (by guiding the aircraft to the target area and then having them visually acquire the targets).

Today, more powerful electronics with smarter [[software]] for operation of the radar might be able to better discriminate between a moving target like an aircraft and an almost stationary target like a chaff bundle. The technology powering modern sensors and seekers allow all successful systems partly due to ECCM designed into them. Today, electronic warfare is composed of ECM, ECCM and, electronic reconnaissance/intelligent ([[signals intelligence#ELINT|ELINT]]) activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Boyne |first1=Walter J. |title=Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, A-L |last2=Fopp |first2=Michael |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-57607-345-2 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref>

Examples of electronic counter-countermeasures include the American Big Crow program, which served as a Bear bomber and a standoff jammer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Against the Wind: 90 Years of Flight Test in the Miami Valley |date=1994 |publisher=History Office, Aeronautical Systems Center, Air Force Materiel Command |location=Miami |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref> It was a modified Air Force NKC-135A and was built to provide capability and flexibility of conducting varied and precision electronic warfare experiments.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Air Defense Trends |date=1974 |publisher=US Army Air Defense School |location=Fort Bliss, TX |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref> Throughout its 20-year existence, the U.S. government developed and installed over 3,143 electronic counter-countermeasures to its array of weapons.<ref name=":0" /> There is also the BAMS Project, which was funded by the Belgian government since 1982. This system, together with advanced microelectronics, also provided secure voice, data, and text communications under the most severe electronic warfare conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1995 |title=BAMS Association Momentanee |journal=Signals |volume=49 |pages=128}}</ref>