Editing Electronic identification (section)

==eID in Europe==
===European Union===
According to the EU [[eIDAS|electronic identification and trust services]] (eIDAS) Regulation, described as a pan-European login system, all organizations delivering public digital services in an EU member state shall accept electronic identification from all EU member states from 29 September 2018.<ref>[https://connectis.com/en/eidas/#eidas Info on eIDAS], Connectis.</ref><ref>{{CELEX|id=32014R0910|text=Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC}}</ref><ref>''[https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/e-identification e-Identification] (European Commission: Strategy: Shaping Europe's digital future: Policies: Shaping Europe's digital future)'', on the EC web ec.europa.eu</ref>

=== Austria ===
Austria has initially issued eIDs ("Bürgerkarte") via its national health insurance card (eCard), but has later introduced an app-based solution ("Handy-Signatur"). Electronic signatures were deemed equivalent to handwritten signatures since January 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RIS - Signaturgesetz - Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 30.06.2000 |url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10003685&FassungVom=2000-06-30 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.ris.bka.gv.at}}</ref> As of 5 December 2023, the Handy-Signatur and the Bürgerkarte (Citizen Card) have been upgraded and replaced by "ID Austria", which offers enhanced digital identification and authentication capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Einfach online identifiziert? {{!}} Na sicher! Mit ID Austria.|url=https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/id-austria.html|lang=de|website=www.oesterreich.gv.at|access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref> More than 2 Million people are enrolled in ID Austria. It interconnects with eIDAS systems from other EU Member States.<ref name="2millionengrenze">{{Cite news|url=https://www.digitalaustria.gv.at/Services/eServices/id-austria.html |title=ID-Austria knackt 2 Millionen-Grenze|trans-title=ID-Austria passes the 2 million user mark|lang=de|website=www.oesterreich.gv.at|date=2023-12-04|access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref> It is widely used for government online services, but also increasingly by the private sector.

===Belgium===
{{Main|Belgian national identity card}}
Belgium has been issuing eIDs since 2003, and all identity cards issued since 2004 have been electronic, replacing the previous [[plastic card]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fr/documents-didentite/eid/faq/|title=FAQ - eID - IBZ Institutions et Population|website=www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref>

====Chip contents====
The eID card contains a chip containing:<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ eID Algemene Directie Identiteit en Burgerzaken |url=https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/nl/identiteitsdocumenten/eid/faq/ |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be |at=Vermeldingen |language=nl}}</ref>

* the same information as legible on the card
* the address of the card holder
* the identity - and signature keys and certificates
* fingerprints
* place of birth

====Using the eID====
At home, the users can use their electronic IDs to log into specific websites (such as Tax-on-web, allowing them to fill in their tax form online).<ref name="eid.belgium.be">{{cite web
 |url         = http://eid.belgium.be/nl/binaries/eID_WIN_IE_NL_tcm147-22468.pdf
 |title       = De elektronische identiteitskaart (eID) (Internet Explorer)
 |publisher   = Belgian federal government (fedict)
 |language    = nl
 |access-date  = 21 July 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20101008155045/http://eid.belgium.be/nl/binaries/eID_WIN_IE_NL_tcm147-22468.pdf
 |archive-date = 8 October 2010
}}</ref> To do this the user needs

* an eID card
* a smartcard reader
* the eID middleware software

When other software (such as an [[Internet Browser]]) attempts to read the eID, the users are asked for confirmation for this action, and potentially even for their [[Personal identification number|PIN]].<ref name="eid.belgium.be"/>

Other applications include signing emails with the user's eID certificate private key. Giving the public key to your recipients allows them to verify your identity.

====Kids ID====
Although legally Belgian citizens only have to carry an ID from the age of 12, as of March 2009,<ref>
{{cite web
  | url=http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/index.php?id=1503&L=0
 | title=Kids-ID Presentation
 | access-date=16 October 2009
 | language=fr, nl, de
}}
</ref> a "Kids ID" has been introduced for children below this age, on a strictly voluntary basis. This ID, beside containing the usual information, also holds a contact number that people, or the child themselves, can call when they, for example, are in danger or had an accident. The card can be used for electronic identification after the age of six, and it does not contain a signing certificate as minors cannot sign a legally binding document. An important goal of the Kids-ID card is to allow children to join "youth-only" chat sites, using their eID to gain entrance. These sites would essentially block any users above a certain age from gaining access to the chat sessions, effectively blocking out potential [[pedophile]]s.

===Bulgaria===
Bulgaria introduced a limited scale proof-of-concept of electronic identity cards, called ЕИК (Eлектронна карта за идентичност), in 2013.

===[[Croatia]]===
Croatia introduced its electronic identity cards, called ''e-osobna iskaznica'', on 8 June 2015.

===Denmark===
Electronic identities in Denmark, issued by banks and the government jointly, is named [https://www.mitid.dk MitID]. The former eID, [[NemID]], was depreciated as of October 2023. MitID authentication allows larger payments in [[MobilePay]] - a service used by more than half of the population as of 2017.

===Estonia===
The [[Estonian ID card]], issued since 2002, is also used for authentication for Estonia's [[Electronic voting in Estonia|Internet-based voting]] system. In February 2007, Estonia was the first country to allow for electronic voting for parliamentary elections. Over 30,000 voters participated in the country's e-election.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.id.ee/blog_en/?p=6 |title=IdBlog » the Number of Electronic Voters Tripled |access-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301202941/http://www.id.ee/blog_en/?p=6 |archive-date=1 March 2012 }} idBlog - The number of electronic voters tripled</ref>

At end of 2014 Estonia extended the Estonian ID Card to non-residents. The target of the project is to reach 10&nbsp;million residents by 2025, which is 8 times more than the Estonian population of 1.3&nbsp;million.

===Finland===
The Finnish electronic ID<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dvv.fi/en/citizen-certificate-and-electronic-identity |title=Citizen Certificate and electronic identity |access-date=16 January 2021}}Finnish electronic ID</ref> was first issued to citizens on 1 December 1999. Electronic identities in Finland are issued by banks. They make it possible to log into Finnish authorities, universities and banks, and to make larger payments using the MobilePay mobile payment service. The ''mobiilivarmenne'' is utilizing the mobile phone SIM card for authentication, and is financed by a fee to the mobile network operator for each authentication.

===Germany===
Germany introduced its electronic identity cards, called [[German Identity Card|Personalausweis]], in 2010.

=== Iceland ===
In Iceland, electronic IDs (Icelandic: ''Rafræn skilríki'') are extensively used by the public and private sector today and were first introduced in 2008. The most widely used version today is on a [[mobile phone]] - with the authentication key held on a SIM card. In Iceland 95% of the eligible population (13 years or older) has an active eID, including 75% of over 75s. Icelandic eID holders used their eID more than 20 times a month in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multi-country consortium debuts cross-border payments pilot for EU digital wallet |url=https://thepaypers.com/online-payments/multi-country-consortium-debuts-cross-border-payments-pilot-for-eu-digital-wallet--1258363 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=thepaypers.com |language=en}}</ref>

During enrollment, users create a PIN. Each time they need to identify, verify or sign something online, a prompt via [[flash SMS]] is initiated and the PIN code is validated. Today this system is used by all banks, government services ([https://www.island.is island.is] portal), healthcare, eductation, document signing and over 300 private companies using for customer page logins (linked to the [[Icelandic identification number|Icelandic ID no.]]). Since the only thing to remember is one's PIN code and their phone, it is very prevalent, and works as a sort of [[Single sign-on|single-sign-on]] service. They are administered by Auðkenni hf., which was initially created by a consortium of banks but is now owned by the government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronic ID {{!}} Ísland.is |url=https://island.is/en/electronic-id/electronic-id-by-phone |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=island.is |language=en}}</ref>

The first form of the system in 2008 was a special [[Smart card|smartcard]] with an [[EMV]] chip, paired with a smartcard reader on the client's computer. The smartcard was first introduced in late 2008 for employees of government departments, large companies and the healthcare system. It was rolled out to all departments and companies handling sensitive data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ný rafræn skilríki á snjallkortum fyrir endurskoðendur og bókara tekin í notkun |url=https://www.skilriki.is/utgafa/frettir/nr/120 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Skilriki.is |language=is |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615205506/https://www.skilriki.is/utgafa/frettir/nr/120 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also possible to store one's eID on a debit card. In November 2013 the SIM card implementation for mobile phones was introduced, which led to a much quicker take-up of eIDs due to its ease of use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persónuskilríki komin í símann |url=https://www.skilriki.is/utgafa/frettir/nr/148 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Skilriki.is |language=is |archive-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615205518/https://www.skilriki.is/utgafa/frettir/nr/148 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2014, 40% of Icelanders were using eIDs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-09 |title=40% hafa virkjað rafræn skilríki - RÚV.is |url=https://www.ruv.is/frettir/innlent/40-hafa-virkjad-rafraen-skilriki/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=RÚV}}</ref>

===Italy===
{{main|Italian electronic identity card}}
Italy introduced its electronic identity cards, called ''Carta d'Identità Elettronica'' (in Italy identified with the [[acronym]] ''CIE''), to replace the [[ID Card#Italy|paper-based ID card in Italy]]. Since 4 July 2016, Italy is in the process of renewing all ID cards to electronic ID cards.

=== Latvia ===
eID and eSignature service provider in Latvia is called [https://www.eparaksts.lv/ eParaksts]

===Malta===
Since 12 February 2014, Malta is in the process of renewing all ID cards to electronic ID cards.

===Netherlands===
{{main|DigiD}}
Electronic identities in Netherlands are called [[DigiD]] and Netherlands is currently developing an eID scheme.

===Norway===
Electronic identities in Norway issued by banks are called [[BankID (Norway)|BankID]] (different than Sweden's BankID). They make it possible to log into Norwegian authorities, universities and banks, and to make larger payments using the [[Vipps]] [[mobile payment]] service, used by more than half of the population as of 2017.

=== Romania ===
Since 25 May 2023, Romanians are able to use their national ID to sign up to the RoEID application which allows them to access public services<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.economica.net/burduja-romania-intra-intr-o-noua-era-toti-romanii-vor-avea-identitate-digitala-ce-inseamna-cum-va-functiona-roeid-si-care-sunt-avantajele_670868.html | title=Burduja: România intră într-o nouă eră. Toţi românii vor avea identitate digitală. Ce înseamnă, cum va funcţiona ROeID şi care sunt avantajele | date=25 May 2023 }}</ref>

===Spain===
Electronic identity cards in Spain are called [[Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)|DNIe]] and have been issued since 2006.

===Switzerland===
SwissID,<ref>[https://www.swissid.ch/en/ Home | SwissID], swissid.ch (de, fr, it, en)</ref>
developed by SwissSign,<ref>[https://www.swisssign.com/en/ Home | SwissSign | Electronic certificates], swisssign.com (de, fr, en)</ref>
is a certified digital ID in Switzerland offered since 2017 (2010–17 as SuisseID). As a base for a new ''Federal Act on Electronic Identification Services (e-ID Act)'',<ref>
(en)&nbsp;[https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20210307/federal-act-on-electronic-identification-services.html Federal Act on Electronic Identification Services (e-ID Act)], [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]], on the portal of the Swiss government (admin.ch)
/&nbsp;(de)&nbsp;[https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/dokumentation/abstimmungen/20210307/bundesgesetz-uber-elektronische-identifizierungsdienste.html Bundesgesetz über elektronische Identifizierungsdienste (E-ID-Gesetz)]
/&nbsp;(fr)&nbsp;[https://www.admin.ch/gov/fr/accueil/documentation/votations/20210307/loi-federale-sur-les-services-d-identification-electronique.html Loi fédérale sur les services d’identification électronique (LSIE)]
/&nbsp;(it)&nbsp;[https://www.admin.ch/gov/it/pagina-iniziale/documentazione/votazioni/20210307/legge-sull-ie.html Legge federale sui servizi d’identificazione elettronica (Legge sull’Ie)]
/&nbsp;(rm)&nbsp;[https://www.admin.ch/gov/rm/pagina-iniziala/documentaziun/votaziuns/20210307/la-lescha-federala-davart-ils-servetschs-d-identificaziun-electronica.html Lescha federala davart ils servetschs d’identificaziun electronica (Lescha e-ID)]</ref>
an eID-concept had been developed by the authorities, yet experts criticized its technology part.<ref>Lukas Mäder: ''Digital passport has deficiencies in data protection – due to outdated technology – experts criticize the federal government's e-ID because data protection was not taken into account from the beginning. By using more modern technology, sensitive usage data could be avoided.'' /&nbsp;(de)&nbsp;''[https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/digitaler-pass-experten-kritisieren-datenschutz-bei-e-id-ld.1486401 Digitaler Pass hat Mängel beim Datenschutz – wegen veralteter Technologie] – Experten kritisieren die E-ID des Bundes, weil der Datenschutz nicht von Beginn an mitgedacht wurde. Mit modernerer Technik könnten heikle Nutzungsdaten vermieden werden.'' /  [[NZZ]] 4 June 2019</ref>
The law was accepted by the Swiss parliament on 29 September 2019. It would have updated current legislation and would have continued to allow private companies or public organizations to issue eIDs if certified by a new federal authority. However, an optional [[Referendums by country#Switzerland|referendum]] called for a public vote on this issue in the weeks until Sunday,<ref>[[:de: Urnengang]]</ref> 7 March 2021.<ref>''[https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/votes/20210307/federal-act-on-electronic-identification-services.html Federal Act on Electronic Identification Services (e-ID Act)]'' – On 7 March 2021 the Swiss electorate voted against the ''Federal Act on Electronic Identification Services (e-ID Act).'' [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]], on the portal of the Swiss government [[admin.ch]] (de, fr, it, rm, eb)</ref> The vote resulted in 35.6% Yes and 64.4% No, rejecting the proposed new law.<ref>[https://www.admin.ch/gov/de/start/dokumentation/abstimmungen/20210307/bundesgesetz-uber-elektronische-identifizierungsdienste.html ''Bundesgesetz über elektronische Identifizierungsdienste (E-ID-Gesetz). Abstimmungsresultate.''] Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Volksabstimmung vom 7. März 2021, admin.ch/gov</ref>

SwissSign might develop the SwissID further, to make it compatible with future E-ID regulations.<ref>(de) ''[https://issuu.com/ringier-brandstudio/docs/swiss_id SwissID: Meine digitale Identität] (SwissID: My digital identity)'', SwissID-Booklet (information brochure), PDF on issuu.com</ref>

===Sweden===
The most widespread electronic identification in Sweden is issued by banks and called [[BankID (Sweden)|BankID]] (different than Norwegian BankID). The BankID may be in the form of a certificate file on disk, on card or on smart phones. The latter (Swedish ''mobile BankID'' service) was used by 84 percent of the Swedish population in 2019.<ref name=Sweden2019>{{Cite web|url=https://svenskarnaochinternet.se/rapporter/svenskarna-och-internet-2019/the-swedes-and-the-internet-2019-summary/|title=The Swedes and the Internet 2019 - Summary|website=Svenskarna och internet}}</ref> A Mobile BankID login does not require a fee since the service is provided by banks rather than mobile operators. It can be used both for authentication within various apps and web services on the same smart phone, and also for web pages on other devices. It also supports fingerprint and [[facial recognition system|face recognition]] authentication on compatible iOS and Android devices.

Electronic IDs are used for secure web login to Swedish authorities, banks, health centers (allowing people to see their medical records and prescriptions and book doctors visits), and companies such as pharmacies. Mobile BankID also allows the [[Swish (payment)|Swish]] [[mobile payment]] service, utilized by 78 percent of the Swedish population in 2019, at first mainly for payments between individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://svenskarnaochinternet.se/rapporter/svenskarna-och-internet-2019/banktjanster-och-handel/|title=Banktjänster och e-handel|website=Svenskarna och internet}}</ref> BankID was previously used for university applications and admissions, but this was prohibited by [[Swedbank]] since universities utilized the system for distribution of their own student logins. Increasingly, BankID is used as an added security for signing contracts.<ref name="Signing contracts with BankID in Sweden">{{Cite web|url=https://oneflow.com/product-updates/signera-med-bankid/|title=Signera med BankID säkert och juridiskt bindande|date=1 October 2018|website=Oneflow}}</ref>

=== Usage of eID systems in Europe ===
The adoption of eIDs varies per EU Member State. While some countries mainly rely on government eID systems, others have dominant private or public-private systems, like eIDs managed by banks. The table below provides an overview over eID adoption in various countries.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Country
!System Name
!Type
!Users
!Notes
|-
|Austria
|ID Austria
|eIDAS
|2,000,000<ref name="2millionengrenze"/>
|Replaced previous eIDs on 5 December 2023.
|-
|Belgium
|itsme
|eIDAS
|7,000,000
|
|-
|Denmark
|MitID
|eIDAS
|5,400,000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Numbers and Statistics|url=https://en.digst.dk/numbers-and-statistics/|website=Agency for Digital Government|access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref>
|
|-
|Finland
|FTN
|Bank Login
|5,500,000
|The Finnish Trust Network (FTN) is a network of banks, allowing to log into public and private services.
|-
|Estonia
|ID-kaart, Mobiil-ID
|
|1,405,000
|
|-
|France
|France Connect
|
|43,000,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=FranceConnect : la confiance des français progresse de 14 points en 5 ans |url=https://www.numerique.gouv.fr/espace-presse/la-confiance-des-francais-progresse-de-14-points-en-5-ans/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.numerique.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
|
|-
|Germany
|Personalausweis
|eIDAS
|11,600,000
|Germany still relies on video identification and identification at postal offices. While every new ID card has an eID function, only 14% used the eID function in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=„Die Bürger*innen wissen nicht, wofür sie den Online-Ausweis benutzen sollen.“ |url=https://initiatived21.de/presse/sonder-auswertung-zum-13jaehrigen-bestehen-der-eid |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Initiative D21 |language=de-DE}}</ref>
|-
|Ireland
|MyGovID
|eIDAS
|740,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=MyGovID – Single Login for Government Services in Ireland |url=https://oecd-opsi.org/innovations/mygovid-single-login-for-government-services-in-ireland/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Observatory of Public Sector Innovation |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|Limited to public services.
|-
|Italy
|SPID
|eIDAS
|33,500,000<ref>{{Cite news|title=Italian Public Digital Identity System records over one billion logins in 2022|url=https://www.agid.gov.it/en/agenzia/stampa-e-comunicazione/notizie/2023/01/11/italian-public-digital-identity-system-records-over-one-billion-logins-2022#:~:text=Italian%20Public%20Digital%20Identity%20System%20records%20over%20one%20billion%20logins%20in%202022,-Condividi&text=More%20than%206%20million%20identities,total%20number%20of%20SPID%20identities.|lang=en|website=Agenzia per l’Italia Digitale - Agency for Digital Italy (AgID)|date=2023-01-11|access-date=2024-12-01}}</ref>
|
|-
|Luxembourg
|LuxTrust
|eIDAS
|500,000
|
|-
|Netherlands
|eDIN
|Bank Login
|16,000,000
|
|-
|Norway
|BankID
|Bank Login
|4,300,000
|
|-
|Poland
|e-dowod
|eIDAS
|13,800,000
|
|-
|Poland
|mojeID
|Bank Login
|22,000,000
|
|-
|Spain
|DINe
|eIDAS
|38,000,000
|
|-
|Sweden
|BankID
|Bank Login
|8,500,000
|
|}