Editing Elsevier (section)

== History ==
[[File:Elsevier.svg|200px|right|thumb|The original seal of the Elsevier family is used by Elsevier company as its logo.]]
Elsevier was founded in 1880{{sfn|Groen|2007|p=217}} and adopted the name and logo from the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] publishing house [[House of Elzevir|Elzevir]] that was an inspiration but has no connection to the contemporary Elsevier.{{sfn|Groen|2007|p=217}} The Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the [[Netherlands]]; the founder, [[Lodewijk Elzevir]] (1542–1617), lived in [[Leiden]] and established that business in 1580. As a company logo, Elsevier used the Elzevir family's [[printer's mark]], a tree entwined with a vine and the words ''Non Solus'', which is [[Latin]] for "not alone".<ref name="AT 2019-03" /> According to Elsevier, this logo represents "the symbiotic relationship between publisher and scholar".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/elsevier-india/interesting-fact-history-of-the-elsevier-logo/295913917111368/|title=Interesting Fact - History of the Elsevier Logo|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810004358/https://www.facebook.com/notes/elsevier-india/interesting-fact-history-of-the-elsevier-logo/295913917111368/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The expansion of Elsevier in the scientific field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly ''[[Elsevier (magazine)|Elsevier]]'', which published its first issue on 27 October 1945. The weekly was an instant success and very profitable.<ref>Gerry van der List, ''Meer dan een weekblad. De geschiedenis van Elsevier''</ref> The weekly was a continuation, as is stated in its first issue, of the monthly ''Elsevier'', which was founded in 1891 to promote the name of the publishing house and had to stop publication in December 1940 because of the [[Netherlands in World War II|German occupation of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Centuries of History of Elsevier in the National Library of Russia: from Book-printing to an Information Provider |url=https://nlr.ru/eng_old/exib/elsevier/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=nlr.ru}}</ref>

In May 1939 Klautz established the Elsevier Publishing Company Ltd. in London to distribute these academic titles in the [[British Commonwealth]] (except Canada). When the [[German invasion of the Netherlands|Nazis occupied the Netherlands]] for the duration of five years from May 1940, he had just founded a second international office, the Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Elsevier |title=In the shadow of the Nazis, this young executive dared to publish the work of Jewish scientists |url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/in-the-shadow-of-the-nazis-this-young-executive-dared-to-publish-the-work-of-jewish-scientists |access-date=7 March 2022 |website=Elsevier Connect |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223161517/https://www.elsevier.com/connect/in-the-shadow-of-the-nazis-this-young-executive-dared-to-publish-the-work-of-jewish-scientists |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, ''[[Biochimica et Biophysica Acta]]''.<ref name=RET>{{cite web|title=Reed Elsevier Timeline|url=https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/ReedElsevier.htm|website=www.ulib.niu.edu|access-date=13 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030233859/https://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/ReedElsevier.htm|archive-date=30 October 2015}}</ref>

In 1970, Elsevier acquired competing firm North-
Holland. In 1971 the firm acquired [[Excerpta Medica]],a small medical abstract publisher based in [[Amsterdam]].<ref name=RET /> As the first and only company in the world that employed a database for the production of journals, it introduced computer technology to Elsevier.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Short History of Elsevier|url=https://www.ask-force.org/web/Seralini/Elsevier-Short-History-2005.pdf|website=Ask Force|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713184643/http://www.ask-force.org/web/Seralini/Elsevier-Short-History-2005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1978 Elsevier merged with Dutch newspaper publisher NDU, and devised a strategy to broadcast textual news to people's television sets through [[Viewdata]] and [[Teletext]] technology.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Boone |first1=C.A.J.J. |last2=van Witteloostuijn |first2=A. |last3=van Olffen |first3=W. |last4=de Brabander |first4=B. |title=The Genesis of top management team diversity : Selective turnover among top management teams in the Dutch newspaper publisher industry (1970-1994) |date=February 2003 |doi=10.26481/umamet.2003006 }}</ref>

In 1979 Elsevier Science Publishers launched the Article Delivery Over Network Information System (ADONIS) project in conjunction with four business partners. The project aims to find a way to deliver scientific articles to libraries electronically, and would continue for over a decade.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Orchard|first=Constance|date=1988|title=ADONIS and Electronically Stored Information: An Information Broker's Experience|journal=The Serials Librarian|volume=15|issue=3–4|pages=85–91|doi=10.1300/J123v15n03_09|issn=0361-526X|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1991, in conjunction with nine American universities, Elsevier's The University Licensing Project (TULIP) was the first step in creating published, copyrighted material available over the Internet. It formed the basis for [[ScienceDirect]], launched six years later.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tedd|first1=Lucy A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jFgeRT_YW0C&q=elsevier+university+licensing+project+1991&pg=PA5|title=Digital Libraries: Principles and Practice in a Global Environment|last2=Large|first2=J. A.|date=2005|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-598-11627-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.3998/spobooks.5621225.0001.001 |title=Economics and Usage of Digital Libraries: Byting the Bullet |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-4181-6284-9 |editor-last1=Mackie-Mason |editor-first1=Jeffrey K. }}</ref> In 1997, after almost two decades of experiments, ScienceDirect was launched as the first online repository of electronic (scientific) books and articles. Though librarians and researchers were initially hesitant regarding the new technology, more and more of them switched to e-only subscriptions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/euro/030497euro.html |title=Building the World's Largest Scientific Database |last=Giussani |first=Bruno |date=4 March 1997 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419052205/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/euro/030497euro.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stachokas|first=George|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdO1DwAAQBAJ&q=sciencedirect+1997+launch&pg=PA33|title=The Role of the Electronic Resources Librarian|date=12 October 2019|publisher=Chandos Publishing|isbn=978-0-08-102926-8}}</ref>

In 2004 Elsevier launched [[Scopus]] - a multidisciplinary metadata database of scholarly publications, only the second of such kind (after the [[Web of Science]], although free [[Google Scholar]] was also launched in 2004). [[Scopus]] covers journals, some conference papers and books from various publishers, and measures performance on both author and publication levels.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.scopus.com/topics/content |title=Content |last=Beatty |first=Susannah |publisher=[[Scopus]] |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117124609/https://blog.scopus.com/topics/content |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009 SciVal Spotlight was released. This tool enabled research administrators to measure their institution's relative standing in terms of productivity, grants, and publications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scival.com/landing |title=Welcome to SciVal |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=SciVal |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172335/https://scival.com/landing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Herther|first=Nancy K.|date=8 October 2009|title=Elsevier's New SciVal Products Target Academic Accountability and Strategic Planning|url=https://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Elseviers-New-SciVal-Products-Target-Academic-Accountability-and-Strategic-Planning-56569.asp|access-date=30 November 2020|website=newsbreaks.infotoday.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816071203/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Elseviers-New-SciVal-Products-Target-Academic-Accountability-and-Strategic-Planning-56569.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Elsevier acquired [[Mendeley]], a UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers. Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the sale, which users saw as acceding to the "[[paywall]]" approach to research literature. Mendeley's previously open-sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups.<ref name="fast">{{cite web|last1=Amirtha|first1=Tina|title=THE OPEN PUBLISHING REVOLUTION, NOW BEHIND A BILLION-DOLLAR PAYWALL|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3042443/mendeley-elsevier-and-the-future-of-scholarly-publishing|website=Fast Company|access-date=26 January 2016|date=17 April 2015|archive-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115005118/http://www.fastcompany.com/3042443/mendeley-elsevier-and-the-future-of-scholarly-publishing|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'' described Elsevier's reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold: to acquire its user data, and to "destroy or coöpt an [[Open science|open-science]] icon that threatens its [[business model]]".<ref name="NewYorker">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/04/elsevier-mendeley-journals-science-software.html|title=When the Rebel Alliance Sells Out|first=David|last=Dobbs|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=12 April 2013}}</ref>