Editing Embryoid body (section)

== Background ==

The pluripotent cell types that comprise embryoid bodies include [[embryonic stem cells]] (ESCs) derived from the [[blastocyst]] stage of embryos from mouse (mESC),<ref>{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref>  and human (hESC)<ref>{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref>  sources.  Additionally, EBs can be formed from embryonic stem cells derived through alternative techniques, including [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]]<ref>{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref>  or the reprogramming of somatic cells to yield [[induced pluripotent stem cells]] (iPS).<ref>{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref>  Similar to ESCs [[cell culture|cultured in monolayer]] formats, ESCs within embryoid bodies undergo differentiation and cell specification along the three [[germ layer|germ lineages]] – endoderm, [[ectoderm]], and mesoderm – which comprise all [[somatic (biology)|somatic]] cell types.<ref>{{Cite journal 
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In contrast to monolayer cultures, however, the spheroid structures that are formed when ESCs aggregate enables the non-adherent culture of EBs in suspension, making EB cultures inherently scalable, which is useful for bioprocessing approaches, whereby large yields of cells can be produced for potential clinical applications.<ref>{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref>  Additionally, although EBs largely exhibit heterogeneous patterns of differentiated cell types, ESCs are capable of responding to similar cues that direct [[embryogenesis|embryonic development]].<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref>  Therefore, the three-dimensional structure, including the establishment of complex [[cell adhesion]]s and paracrine [[cell signaling|signaling]] within the EB microenvironment,<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref> enables differentiation and [[morphogenesis]] which yields microtissues that are similar to native tissue structures. Such microtissues are promising to directly<ref name="ReferenceB"/> or indirectly<ref>{{Cite journal 
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}}</ref> repair damaged or diseased tissue in regenerative medicine applications, as well as for in vitro testing in the pharmaceutical industry and as a model of embryonic development.