Editing Emergency Alert System (section)

==Technical concept==
{{Main|Specific Area Message Encoding}}
Messages in the EAS are composed of four parts: a digitally encoded [[Specific Area Message Encoding]] (SAME) [[header (computing)|header]], an attention signal, an audio announcement, and a digitally encoded end-of-message marker.

[[File:Sage EAS Endec.jpg|right|thumb|A Sage EAS ENDEC unit]]
The {{Audio|Same.wav|SAME header}} is the most critical part of the EAS design. It contains information about who originated the alert (the president, state or local authorities, the [[National Weather Service]] (NOAA/NWS), or the broadcaster), a short, general description of the event (tornado, flood, severe thunderstorm), the areas affected (up to 32 counties or states), the expected duration of the event (in minutes), the date and time it was issued (in [[Universal Coordinated Time|UTC]]), and an identification of the originating station.

There are 79 radio stations designated as National Primary Stations in the Primary Entry Point (PEP) System to distribute presidential messages to other broadcast stations and cable systems.<ref name="The National Public Warning System">{{cite news |url=https://www.fema.gov/national-public-warning-system |title=The National Public Warning System |work=FEMA.gov |date=May 12, 2017 |access-date=June 16, 2017 |archive-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614115219/https://www.fema.gov/national-public-warning-system |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[National Emergency Message]] (formerly known as the Emergency Action Notification) is the notice to broadcasters that the president of the United States or their designee will deliver a message over the EAS via the PEP system.<ref>{{cite conference | title=Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook | book-title=Emergency Alert System 2001 AM & FM Handbook | pages=4 | publisher=United States Federal Communications Commission | year=2001 | location=United States}}</ref> The government has stated that the system would allow a president to speak during a national emergency within 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430 | work=BBC News | title=Emergency broadcasts can be hacked, US researchers say | date=July 9, 2013 | access-date=July 21, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222121453/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23240430 | archive-date=December 22, 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/39hello-this-is-your-president39|title='Hello, This Is Your President'|date=February 2, 2010|website=Radio World|language=en-US|access-date=July 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731185645/https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/39hello-this-is-your-president39|archive-date=July 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"
|+ List of Primary Entry Point stations<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_incident-annex_power-outage.pdf|title=Power Outage Incident Annex to the Response and Recovery Federal Interagency Plans|publisher=[[FEMA]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416114735/https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_incident-annex_power-outage.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Operational area !! Station !! Citations
|-
| National || [[National Public Radio|NPR]], [[Premiere Radio Networks|PRN]], [[Sirius XM Radio|SXM]] ||
|-
| [[United States Virgin Islands]] || [[WSTA]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vitema.vi.gov/docs/default-source/annual-reports/2011-annual-report.pdf|title=Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency Annual Report 2011|website=vitema.vi.gov|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308172025/http://www.vitema.vi.gov/docs/default-source/annual-reports/2011-annual-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Puerto Rico]] || [[WKAQ (AM)|WKAQ]] || <ref name="fcc.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13186/download|title=PUERTO RICO EMERGENCY ALERT SYSTEM STATE EAS PLAN SEPTEMBER 2010|publisher=FCC|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=December 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209095124/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13186/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maine]] || [[WGAN]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Maine-EAS-State-Plan-2017_FCCapproval.pdf|title=Emergency Alert System Plan for the State of Maine, revised November 2017|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://www.mab.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Maine-EAS-State-Plan-2017_FCCapproval.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Rhode Island]] || [[WBZ (AM)|WBZ]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13891/download|title=Emergency Alert System Operational Plan December 2000|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041420/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13891/download|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13888/download|title=Massachusetts Emergency Alert System Operational Plan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=May 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522222210/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13888/download|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vabnow.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/vermont-eas-state-plan-as-approved-8-25-17.pdf|title=State of Vermont Emergency Alert System Plan|website=vabnow.files.wordpress.com|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302212749/https://vabnow.files.wordpress.com/2017/08/vermont-eas-state-plan-as-approved-8-25-17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=State of Rhode Island Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan, August 2017|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13632/download|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041425/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13632/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Connecticut]] || [[WTIC (AM)|WTIC]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan for Connecticut, V1.3|url=https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEMHS/_docs/Plans-and-Publications/EHSP0048--EASPlan2014.pdf|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302140615/https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DEMHS/_docs/Plans-and-Publications/EHSP0048--EASPlan2014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[New York City|NYC]], [[New Jersey]] || [[WABC (AM)|WABC]] || <ref name="ny">{{Cite web|url=https://nysbroadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NYSBA-EAS-Plan-August-20162.pdf|title=New York State Emergency Alert System EAS Plan|website=nysbroadcasters.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=September 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929174642/https://nysbroadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NYSBA-EAS-Plan-August-20162.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Northeast New York || [[WROW]] ||
|-
| South Central New York || [[WBNW-FM]] || <ref name="ny"/>
|-
| North Central New York || [[WHEN (AM)|WHEN]] ||
|-
| Western New York || [[WHAM (AM)|WHAM]] || <ref name="ny"/>
|-
| [[Delaware]], Eastern [[Pennsylvania]] || [[WTEL (AM)|WTEL]], [[WHYY-FM]] || <ref>{{Cite web|title=Delaware Emergency Alert Statewide Plan 2016|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/12956/download|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=November 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123122507/https://www.fcc.gov/file/12956/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Western Pennsylvania || [[KDKA (AM)|KDKA]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbr.com/eas-summit-and-pep-stations/|title=EAS Summit and PEP stations &#124; Radio & Television Business Report|date=February 24, 2014|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119054449/https://www.rbr.com/eas-summit-and-pep-stations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[West Virginia]] || [[WCHS (AM)|WCHS]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13914/download|title=West Virginia Emergency Alert System Operational Plan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041115/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13914/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Maryland]] || [[WBAL (AM)|WBAL]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mdem.maryland.gov/Documents/md_eas_master_plan.pdf|title=Rules for Activating the Emergency Alert System in Maryland for Broadcasters, Cable Operators, Emergency Managers and Others Concerned with Public Warning|date=January 2006|publisher=Maryland State Emergency Communications Committee|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=December 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229204811/https://mdem.maryland.gov/Documents/md_eas_master_plan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[District of Columbia]] || [[WFED]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sbe37.org/index.php?action=P&page_id=448|title=SBE Chapter 37 – Prior Meetings Page – AM Revitalization – WFED 1500 AM Transmitter|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527034408/https://sbe37.org/index.php?action=P&page_id=448|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Eastern [[Virginia]] || [[WTAR]] ||
|-
| Central Virginia || [[WRXL]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13913/download|title=Commonwealth of Virginia Emergency Alert System Plan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041426/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13913/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Western Virginia || [[WPLY (AM)|WPLY]] ||
|-
| Eastern [[North Carolina]] || [[WSFL-FM]] ||
|-
| Central North Carolina || [[WQDR-FM]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.nc.gov/ncdps/div/EM/Documents/StateEASPlanAugust2011.pdf|title=North Carolina Emergency Alert System State Plan|date=August 2011|publisher=North Carolina State Emergency Communications Committee|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230001944/https://files.nc.gov/ncdps/div/EM/Documents/StateEASPlanAugust2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Western North Carolina || [[WBT (AM)|WBT]] ||
|-
| Western South Carolina || [[WKVG (FM)|WKVG]]
||
|-
| [[South Carolina]] || [[WCOS-FM]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/drndenbgpi05owe/EAS%20PLAN%20Jan%202004%20rev%2006%2030%2019.pdf?dl=0|title=EAS PLAN Jan 2004 rev 06 30 19.PDF|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=August 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814001827/https://www.dropbox.com/s/drndenbgpi05owe/EAS%20PLAN%20Jan%202004%20rev%2006%2030%2019.pdf?dl=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] || [[WMAC]], [[WSRV]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gema.georgia.gov/document/document/201609sepeaschangespdf/download|title=State of Georgia Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan|date=2015-05-01|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415230636/https://gema.georgia.gov/document/document/201609sepeaschangespdf/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| North [[Florida]] || [[WOKV (AM)|WOKV]] || <ref name="fl">[http://fab.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/State-of-Florida-EAS-Plan-Revised-with-CFR-08142019.pdf Florida Association of Broadcasters]{{Dead link|date=August 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| Central Florida || [[WFLF (AM)|WFLF]] || <ref name="fl"/>
|-
| South Florida || [[WAQI]] || <ref name="fl"/>
|-
| [[Alabama]] || [[WJOX (AM)|WJOX]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://al-ba.com/wp2/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Alabama-EAS-Monitoring-Assignments.pdf|title=Alabama EAS Plan|website=al-ba.com|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424160232/https://al-ba.com/wp2/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Alabama-EAS-Monitoring-Assignments.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mississippi]] || [[WMSI-FM]] ||
|-
| East [[Tennessee]] || [[WJCW]], [[WJXB-FM]] || <ref name="tn">{{Cite web|url=https://tabtn.org/wp-content/uploads/easPlanTN.pdf|title=Tennessee Statewide Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan|date=March 2018|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=September 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923045255/https://tabtn.org/wp-content/uploads/easPlanTN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Middle Tennessee, southwest [[Indiana]] || [[WSM (AM)|WSM]] || <ref name="tn"/><ref name="in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianabroadcasters.org/app/uploads/2016/03/Indiana-EAS-Plan-May-2018-1.pdf|title=Indiana State EAS Plan|website=indianabroadcasters.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216225609/https://www.indianabroadcasters.org/app/uploads/2016/03/Indiana-EAS-Plan-May-2018-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| West Tennessee || [[WREC]] || <ref name="tn"/>
|-
| [[Kentucky]], southwest [[Ohio]], southeast Indiana || [[WLW (AM)|WLW]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13887/download|title=Kentucky Emergency Alert System New State Plan — Preliminary Summary|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041426/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13887/download|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oh">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/15530/download|title=State of Ohio Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=October 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022193211/https://www.fcc.gov/file/15530/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Northeast Ohio || [[WTAM (AM)|WTAM]] || <ref name="oh"/>
|-
| [[Michigan]] || [[WJR (AM)|WJR]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/12842/download|title=Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan for the State of Michigan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=May 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530224141/https://www.fcc.gov/file/12842/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Northwest Indiana, northern [[Illinois]] || [[WLS (AM)|WLS]] || <ref name="in"/><ref name="il">{{Cite web|url=https://ilba.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IL-EAS-State-EAS-Plan-June-2019-Final.pdf|title=State of Illinois Emergency Alert System State Plan|website=ilba.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518235614/https://ilba.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/IL-EAS-State-EAS-Plan-June-2019-Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Southern Illinois, Eastern [[Missouri]] || [[KMOX (AM)|KMOX]] || <ref name="in"/><ref name="mo">{{cite web|url=https://sbe55.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/mo-eas-plan.pdf|title=Missouri State EAS Plan|website=sbe55.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://sbe55.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/mo-eas-plan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wisconsin]] || [[WTMJ (AM)|WTMJ]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbe24.org/EAS/MAIN0120.pdf|title=State of Wisconsin Emergency Alert System State EAS Plan|website=sbe24.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=January 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120202440/http://www.sbe24.org/EAS/MAIN0120.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Minnesota]] || [[WCCO (AM)|WCCO]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ecn/Documents/eas-mnplan-2019.pdf|title=Minnesota Emergency Alert System Statewide Plan|website=dps.mn.gov|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222709/https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/ecn/Documents/eas-mnplan-2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Iowa]] || [[WHO (AM)|WHO]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SD/1129236.pdf|title=Iowa Public Radio|website=legis.iowa.gov|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303055501/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/SD/1129236.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Central Missouri || [[KTXY]] ||
|-
| Western Missouri, [[Kansas]] || [[WHB (AM)|WHB]] || <ref name="mo"/>
|-
| [[Arkansas]] || [[KAAY]] ||
|-
| Southeast [[Louisiana]] || [[WWL (AM)|WWL]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://broadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LA-eas-plan.pdf|title=State of Louisiana Emergency Alert System (EAS) Operational Plan|website=broadcasters.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=November 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102080658/https://broadcasters.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/LA-eas-plan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Northwest Louisiana || [[KWKH]] ||
|-
| Central [[Texas]] || [[KLBJ (AM)|KLBJ]] || <ref name="tx">{{cite web|url=https://www.tab.org/public/upload/files/misc/LATEST_VERSION_-_eas-texasplan-7-2-2021.pdf|title=Texas Emergency Alert System|website=tab.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417015220/https://www.tab.org/public/upload/files/misc/LATEST_VERSION_-_eas-texasplan-7-2-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| North Texas || [[WBAP (AM)|WBAP]], [[KSCS]] || <ref name="tx"/>
|-
| Southeast Texas || [[KTRH (AM)|KTRH]] || <ref name="tx"/>
|-
| West Texas || [[KROD (AM)|KROD]] || <ref name="tx"/>
|-
| Oklahoma || [[KRMG (AM)|KRMG]] ||
|-
| [[Nebraska]] || [[KRVN (AM)|KRVN]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ne-eas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-State-EAS-Plan-4-1-20.pdf|title=Nebraska State Emergency Alert System Plan|website=ne-eas.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=December 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222230451/https://ne-eas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-State-EAS-Plan-4-1-20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]] (secondary) || [[KFYR (AM)|KFYR]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndba.org/files/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EAS_State_Warning_Plan_2018.pdf|title=State Alert and Warning Plan|website=ndba.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024000812/https://www.ndba.org/files/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/EAS_State_Warning_Plan_2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf|title=South Dakota State Plan For The Emergency Alert System|website=sdba.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Montana]] || [[KERR]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://des.mt.gov/Response/EAS/MT-EAS-Plan_Final_8Feb2018.pdf|title=State of Montana 2016 Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan|website=des.mt.gov|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=July 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724081907/https://des.mt.gov/Response/EAS/MT-EAS-Plan_Final_8Feb2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Wyoming]] || [[KTWO (AM)|KTWO]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13915/download|title=Wyoming State Plan for The Emergency Alert System|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041426/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13915/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Colorado]], [[South Dakota]] (primary)|| [[KOA (AM)|KOA]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf|title=South Dakota State Plan For The Emergency Alert System|website=sdba.org|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326211741/https://sdba.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Approved-EAS-Plan-by-FCC-Dec-2016-State-Final-Rev-102518.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[New Mexico]] || [[KKOB (AM)|KKOB]] ||
|-
| [[Arizona]] || [[KFLT (AM)|KFLT]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13897/download|title=State of Arizona Emergency Alert System Operational Plan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=March 16, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316041427/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13897/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Utah]] || [[KSL (AM)|KSL]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://img.ksl.com/slc/2544/254498/25449878.doc|title=Utah State Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan|website=img.ksl.com|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415141320/http://img.ksl.com/slc/2544/254498/25449878.doc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Idaho]] || [[KBOI (AM)|KBOI]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/practitioners/integrated-public-alert-warning-system/broadcasters-wireless |accessdate=2024-04-22 |title=Broadcasters and Wireless Providers |website=fema.gov}}</ref>
|-
| Northern [[Nevada]] || [[KKOH]] ||
|-
| Southern [[Nevada]] || [[KXNT (AM)|KXNT]] ||
|-
| [[San Diego]] area || [[KOGO (AM)|KOGO]] || <ref name="ca">{{cite web|url=https://www.caloes.ca.gov/WarningCenterSite/Documents/StateofCaliforniaEAS-Plan.pdf|title=State of California Emergency Alert System Plan|website=caloes.ca.gov|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125002549/https://www.caloes.ca.gov/WarningCenterSite/Documents/StateofCaliforniaEAS-Plan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Southern California]] || [[KFI]], [[KNX (AM)|KNX]] || <ref name="ca"/>
|-
| Central California || [[KMJ (AM)|KMJ]] || <ref name="ca"/>
|-
| Northern California || [[KCBS (AM)|KCBS]] || <ref name="ca"/>
|- 
| Hawaii || [[Hawaii Emergency Management Agency|HEMA]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dod.hawaii.gov/hiema/files/2016/03/2003-EAS-plan-with-Change-2.pdf|title=State of Hawaii Emergency Alert System (EAS) Plan|website=dod.hawaii.gov|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921170634/https://dod.hawaii.gov/hiema/files/2016/03/2003-EAS-plan-with-Change-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 
|-
| [[American Samoa]] || [[WVUV-FM]] ||
|-
| [[Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Marianas]] || [[KTWG]] ||
|-
| [[Oregon]] || [[KOPB-FM]], [[KPNW (AM)|KPNW]] || <ref>[http://www.sbe76.org/Oregon%20State%20EAS%20Plan%202021.docx sbe76]{{Dead link|date=August 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
| [[Washington (state)|Washington]] || [[KIRO (AM)|KIRO]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mil.wa.gov/asset/5fb594e600ab9|title=Participating National (PN) Monitoring Matrix|website=mil.wa.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022171746/https://mil.wa.gov/asset/5fb594e600ab9|archive-date=October 22, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alaska]] || [[KFQD]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fcc.gov/file/13895/download|title=State of Alaska Emergency Alert System Plan|website=[[FCC]]|access-date=March 16, 2022|archive-date=April 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417015217/https://www.fcc.gov/file/13895/download|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Primary Entry Point stations===
The National Public Warning System, also known as the '''Primary Entry Point''' ('''PEP''') stations, is a network of 77 radio stations that are, in coordination with FEMA, used to originate emergency alert and warning information to the public before, during, and after incidents and disasters. PEP stations are equipped with additional and backup communications equipment and power generators designed to enable them to continue broadcasting information to the public during and after an event.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />

Beginning with [[WJR]] Detroit and [[WLW]] Cincinnati in 2016, FEMA began the process of constructing transportable studio shelters at the transmitters of 33 PEP stations, which feature broadcasting equipment, emergency provisions, a rest area, and an air filtration system. NPWS project manager Manny Centeno explained that these shelters were designed to "[expand] the survivability of these stations to include an all hazards platform, which means chemical, biological, radiological air protection and protection from electromagnetic pulse."<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/wlw-pep-station-to-test-new-studio-shelter|title=WLW PEP Station to Test New Studio Shelter|date=October 22, 2018|website=Radio World|language=en-US|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401160113/https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/wlw-pep-station-to-test-new-studio-shelter|archive-date=April 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://radioink.com/2018/10/22/fema-upgrading-wlw/|title=FEMA Upgrading WLW|date=October 22, 2018|website=Radio Ink|language=en-US|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730192226/https://radioink.com/2018/10/22/fema-upgrading-wlw/|archive-date=July 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://www.insideradio.com/free/in-hardening-eas-lynchpins-fema-puts-confidence-in-radio/article_890c20a4-d824-11e8-8a9f-d33e31890575.html|title=In Hardening EAS Lynchpins, FEMA Puts Confidence In Radio.|website=Insideradio.com|date=25 October 2018 |language=en|access-date=July 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729071743/http://www.insideradio.com/free/in-hardening-eas-lynchpins-fema-puts-confidence-in-radio/article_890c20a4-d824-11e8-8a9f-d33e31890575.html|archive-date=July 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Communication links===
The FEMA National Radio System (FNARS) "Provides Primary Entry Point service to the Emergency Alert System", and acts as an emergency presidential link into the EAS. The FNARS net control station is located at the [[Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf | title=Communications Systems for Public Health Contingencies | last=Merlin | first=Ross Z. | year=2004 | publisher=DHS/FEMA Wireless Program Management Team | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625023050/http://www.cdc.gov/phin/conference/04conference/05-27-04/Session_12D_Ross_Merlin.pdf | archive-date=June 25, 2008}}</ref>

Once an EAN is received by an EAS participant from a PEP station (or any other participant) the message then "daisy chains{{'"}} through the network of participants. "Daisy chains" form when one station receives a message from multiple other stations and the station then forwards that message to multiple other stations. This process creates many redundant paths through which the message may flow, increasing the likelihood that the message will be received by all participants and adding to the survivability of the system. Each EAS participant is required to monitor at least two other participants.

===EAS header===
Because the header lacks error detection codes, it is repeated three times for redundancy. EAS decoders compare the received headers against one another, looking for an exact match between any two, eliminating most errors that can cause an activation to fail. The decoder then decides whether to ignore the message or to relay it on the air if the message applies to the local area served by the station (following parameters set by the broadcaster).

The SAME header bursts are followed by an EAS attention tone, which lasts between 8 and 25 seconds, depending on the originating station. The tone is {{Audio|1050Hz Tone.ogg|1,050&nbsp;Hz}} on a [[NOAA Weather Radio]] station. On commercial broadcast stations, a {{Audio|Emergency Alert System Attention Signal 20s.ogg|"two-tone"}} attention signal of 853&nbsp;[[Hertz (frequency)|Hz]] and 960&nbsp;Hz [[sine wave]]s is used instead, the same signal used by the older [[Emergency Broadcast System]]. These tones have become infamous, and can be considered both frightening and annoying by listeners; in fact, the two tones, which form approximately the interval of a just [[major second]] at an unusually high pitch, were chosen specifically for their ability to draw attention, due to their unpleasantness on the [[human ear]]. The SAME header is equally known for its shrillness, which many have found to be startling. The "two-tone" system is no longer required as of 1998, and is to be used only for audio alerts before EAS messages.<ref name="cfr47">{{cite web |date=July 26, 2014 |title=United States Code of Federal Regulations – 47 CFR 11.61 – Tests of EAS procedures |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol1-sec11-61.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726180608/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2013-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2013-title47-vol1-sec11-61.pdf |archive-date=July 26, 2014 |access-date=July 19, 2014 |publisher=access.gpo.gov}}</ref> Like the EBS, the attention signal is followed by a voice message describing the details of the alert.

The message ends with 3 bursts of the [[Audio frequency-shift keying|AFSK]] "EOM", or [[End of Message]], which is the text <code>NNNN</code>, preceded each time by the [[Binary numeral system|binary]] 10101011 calibration.

=== IPAWS ===

Under a 2006 executive order issued by [[George W. Bush]], the U.S. government was instructed to create "an effective, reliable, integrated, flexible, and comprehensive" public warning system. This was accomplished via expansions to the aforementioned PEP network, and the development of the [[Integrated Public Alert and Warning System]] (IPAWS)—a national aggregator and distributor of alert information using the [[XML]]-based [[Common Alerting Protocol]] (CAP) and an internet network. IPAWS can be used to distribute alert information to EAS participants, supported mobile phones ([[Wireless Emergency Alerts]]), and other platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/Impact-IPAWS-Public-Alerts-Warnings.html|title=The Impact of IPAWS on Public Alerts and Warnings|website=www.govtech.com|date=January 17, 2011|language=en|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824071200/https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/Impact-IPAWS-Public-Alerts-Warnings.html|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> IPAWS also allows the audio portion of an EAS message to utilize higher quality [[digital audio]], rather than needing to carry the audio off-air from the originating station.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Winslow |first=George |date=2022-09-29 |title=FCC Updates Emergency Alert Rules |url=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-updates-emergency-alert-rules |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930010925/https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-updates-emergency-alert-rules |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=TVTechnology |language=en}}</ref>

Under an FCC report and order issued in 2007, EAS participants would be required to migrate to digital equipment supporting CAP within 180 days of the specification's adoption by FEMA. This was originally scheduled for September 30, 2010, but the deadline was later delayed to June 30, 2012 at the request of broadcasters.<ref name=":3" />

The FCC has established that IPAWS is not a full substitute for the SAME protocol, as it is vulnerable to situations that may make internet connectivity unavailable. Therefore, as a backup distribution path, broadcasters must also convert CAP messages to SAME headers to enable [[backwards compatibility]] with the existing "daisy chain" method of EAS distribution.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=385a5fb7-aa83-431d-80a1-3aa45296e3db|title=FCC revises emergency alert system rules; reminds participants of June 30, 2012 CAP compliance deadline|last1=Oxenford|first1=Davis Wright Tremaine LLP-David D.|last2=Tol|first2=Jennifer|newspaper=Lexology|language=en|access-date=August 24, 2019|last3=Frewer|date=February 10, 2012|archive-date=March 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319103359/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=385a5fb7-aa83-431d-80a1-3aa45296e3db|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2010/09/articles/fema-adopts-digital-message-format-for-eas-cap-standard-triggering-180-day-clock-for-compliance/|title=FEMA Adopts Digital Message Format for EAS CAP Standard, Triggering 180-Day Clock for Compliance|date=September 30, 2010|website=Broadcast Law Blog|language=en-US|access-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824071200/https://www.broadcastlawblog.com/2010/09/articles/fema-adopts-digital-message-format-for-eas-cap-standard-triggering-180-day-clock-for-compliance/|archive-date=August 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2021, the FCC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking seeking to prioritize the display of alert audio and text from CAP messages, in order to provide higher quality alert audio, improve parity between the visual display and audio for the benefit of the [[Hearing loss|hearing impaired]], and to reduce the amount of technical [[jargon]] contained within the visual display.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Winslow |date=2023-11-29 |title=FCC Delays Implementation of New Emergency Alert Rules for Some Broadcasters |url=https://www.tvtechnology.com/news/fcc-delays-emergency-alert-implementation-for-some-broadcasters |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=TVTechnology |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=FCC Seeks to Improve Accessibility & Clarity of Emergency Alerts |url=https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-seeks-improve-accessibility-clarity-emergency-alerts-0 |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Federal Communications Commission |language=en |archive-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930010931/https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-seeks-improve-accessibility-clarity-emergency-alerts-0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rules were enacted in September 2022, with a deadline of December 12, 2023, for compliance;<ref name=":11" /> the FCC later granted an extension to some broadcasters due to a delay in the release of associated software updates by EAS decoder vendor Sage.<ref name=":13" />