Editing English words of Greek origin (section)

==Indirect and direct borrowings==

Since the living [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[English language|English]] languages were not in direct contact until modern times, borrowings were necessarily indirect, coming either through [[Latin]] (through texts or through French and other [[vernacular]]s), or from [[Ancient Greek]] texts, not the living [[spoken language]].<ref>Ayers, Donald M. 1986. ''English Words from Latin and Greek Elements''. (2nd ed.). p. 158.</ref><ref name="ox">Tom McArthur, ed., ''The Oxford companion to the English language'', 1992, {{isbn|019214183X}}, ''s.v.'' 'Greek', p. 453-454</ref>

===Vernacular borrowings===

====Romance languages====

Some Greek words were borrowed into [[Latin language|Latin]] and its descendants, the [[Romance languages]]. English often received these words from [[French language|French]]. Some have remained very close to the Greek original, ''e.g.,'' ''lamp'' (Latin {{Lang|la|lampas}}; Greek {{Lang|grc|λαμπάς}}). In others, the [[Phonetics|phonetic]] and [[Orthography|orthographic]] form has changed considerably. For instance, ''place'' was borrowed both by [[Old English]] and by French from Latin {{lang|la|platea}}, itself borrowed from {{lang|grc|πλατεία (ὁδός)}}, 'broad (street)'; the [[Italian language|Italian]] {{lang|it|piazza}} and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{lang|es|plaza}} have the same origin, and have been borrowed into English in parallel.

The word ''[[olive]]'' comes through the [[Romance languages|Romance]] from the Latin {{lang|la|olīva}}, which in turn comes from the archaic Greek ''elaíwā'' ({{lang|grc|ἐλαίϝᾱ}}).<ref>This must have been an early borrowing, since the Latin ''v'' reflects a still-pronounced [[digamma]]; the earliest attested form of it is the [[Mycenaean language|Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|𐀁𐀨𐀷}}, ''e-ra<sub>3</sub>-wo'' 'elaiwo(n)', attested in [[Linear B]] syllabic script. (see C.B. Walker, John Chadwick, ''Reading the Past: Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet'', 1990, {{isbn|0520074319}}, p. 161) The Greek word was in turn apparently borrowed from a pre-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] Mediterranean [[Substrata (linguistics)|substrate]]; ''cf.'' [[Greek substrate language]].</ref> A later Greek word, ''boútȳron'' ({{lang|grc|βούτυρον}}),<ref>[[Carl Darling Buck]], ''A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages'' ({{ISBN|0-226-07937-6}}) notes that the word has the form of a compound {{lang|grc|βοΰς}} + {{lang|grc|τυρός}} 'cow-cheese', possibly a calque from Scythian, or possibly an adaptation of a native Scythian word.</ref> became Latin {{lang|la|butyrum}} and eventually English ''butter''. A large group of early borrowings, again transmitted first through Latin, then through various vernaculars, comes from Christian vocabulary:

* ''chair'' << {{lang|grc|καθέδρα}} (''cf.'' '[[cathedra]]')
* ''bishop'' << ''epískopos'' ({{Lang|grc|ἐπίσκοπος}} 'overseer')
* ''priest'' << ''presbýteros'' ({{Lang|grc|πρεσβύτερος}} 'elder')
In some cases, the orthography of these words was later changed to reflect the Greek—and Latin—spelling: ''e.g.'', ''quire'' was respelled ''choir'' in the 17th century. Sometimes this was done incorrectly: ''ache'' is from a [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] root; the spelling ''ache'' reflects [[Samuel Johnson]]'s incorrect [[etymology]] from {{lang|grc|ἄχος<!--this spelling is correct, don't change-->}}.<ref>[[Arika Okrent|Okrent, Arika]]. October 8, 2014. "[http://mentalfloss.com/article/59320/5-words-are-spelled-weird-because-someone-got-etymology-wrong 5 Words That Are Spelled Weird Because Someone Got the Etymology Wrong]." ''[[Mental Floss]]''. (Also in [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]].)</ref>

====Other====

Exceptionally, ''church'' came into Old English as ''cirice'', ''circe'' via a West Germanic language. The Greek form was probably ''kȳriakḗ'' [''oikía''] ({{Lang|grc|κυριακή [οἰκία]}} 'lord's [house]'). In contrast, the Romance languages generally used the Latin words {{Lang|la|ecclēsia}} (French ''église''; Italian ''chiesa;'' Spanish ''iglesia'') or {{Lang|la|basilica}} (Romanian ''biserica''), both borrowed from Greek.

===Learned borrowings===

Many more words were borrowed by scholars writing in [[Medieval Latin|Medieval]] and [[Renaissance Latin]]. Some words were borrowed in essentially their original meaning, often transmitted through [[Classical Latin]]: ''topic'', ''type'', ''physics'', ''iambic'', ''eta'', ''[[necromancy]]'', ''cosmopolite''. A few result from [[scribal error]]s: ''encyclopedia'' < {{Lang|grc|ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία}} 'the circle of learning' (not a compound in Greek); ''[[acne]]'' <  {{lang|grc|ἀκνή}} (erroneous) < {{Lang|grc|ἀκμή}} 'high point, acme'. Some kept their Latin form, ''e.g.'', ''podium'' <  {{Lang|grc|πόδιον}}.

Others were borrowed unchanged as technical terms, but with specific, novel meanings:

* ''[[telescope]]'' < {{Lang|grc|τηλεσκόπος}} 'far-seeing', refers to an [[telescope|optical instrument for seeing far away]] rather than a person who can see far into the distance; 
* ''[[Phlogiston theory|phlogiston]]'' < {{Lang|grc|φλογιστόν}} 'burnt thing', is a supposed [[phlogiston theory|fire-making potential]] rather than something which has been burned, or can be burned; and
* ''bacterium'' < {{Lang|grc|βακτήριον}} 'stick ([[diminutive]])', is [[bacterium|a kind of microorganism]] rather than a small stick or staff.

===Usage in neologisms===
{{main|Classical compound}}

But by far the largest Greek contribution to English vocabulary is the huge number of scientific, medical, and technical [[neologism]]s that have been coined by [[classical compound|compounding Greek roots and affixes]] to produce novel words which never existed in the Greek language:

* ''[[utopia]]'' (1516; {{Lang|grc|οὐ}} 'not' + {{Lang|grc|τόπος}} 'place')<ref>The 14th-century Byzantine monk Neophytos Prodromenos independently coined the word in Greek in his ''Against the Latins'', with the meaning 'absurdity'.</ref>
* ''[[zoology]]'' (1669; {{lang|grc|ζῷον}} + {{lang|grc|λογία}})
* ''[[hydrodynamics]]'' (1738; {{Lang|grc|ὕδωρ}} + {{Lang|grc|δυναμικός}})
* ''[[photography]]'' (1834; {{Lang|grc|φῶς}} + {{Lang|grc|γραφικός}})
* ''[[oocyte]]'' (1895; {{Lang|grc|ᾠόν}} + {{Lang|grc|κύτος}})
* ''[[helicobacter]]'' (1989; {{Lang|grc|ἕλιξ}} + {{Lang|grc|βακτήριον}})

So it is really the combining forms of Greek roots and affixes that are borrowed, not the words. Neologisms using these elements are coined in all the European languages, and [[International scientific vocabulary|spread to the others freely]]—including to [[Modern Greek]], where they are considered to be [[reborrowing]]s. Traditionally, these coinages were constructed using only Greek [[morpheme]]s, ''e.g.'', ''[[metamathematics]]'', but increasingly, Greek, Latin, and other morphemes are combined. These [[hybrid word]]s were formerly considered to be '[[Barbarism (linguistics)|barbarisms]]', such as:

* ''television'' ({{Lang|grc|τῆλε}} + Latin {{Lang|la|vision}});
* ''[[Metalinguistics|metalinguistic]]'' ({{Lang|grc|μετά}} + Latin {{Lang|la|lingua}} + {{Lang|grc|-ιστής}} + {{Lang|grc|-ικος}}); and
* ''[[garbology]]'' (English ''garbage'' + {{Lang|grc|-ολογία}}).

Some derivations are idiosyncratic, not following the usual Greek compounding patterns, for example:<ref>These are all listed as "irregularly formed" in the ''Oxford English Dictionary''.</ref> 
* ''[[hadron]]'' < {{Lang|grc|ἁδρός}} with the suffix ''-on'', itself abstracted from Greek ''anion'' ({{Lang|grc|ἀνιόν}}); 
* ''[[henotheism]]'' < {{Lang|grc|ἑνό(ς)}} 'one' + {{Lang|grc|θεός}} 'god', though ''{{not a typo|heno-}}'' is not used as a prefix in Greek;
* ''[[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]]'' < {{Lang|grc|τάξις}} 'order' + ''-nomy'' ({{Lang|grc|-νομία}} 'study of'), where the "more etymological form" is ''{{not a typo|taxinomy}}'',<ref name="oed" /><ref>Both are used in French; see: Jean-Louis Fisher, Roselyne Rey, "De l'origine et de l'usage des termes taxinomie-taxonomie", ''Documents pour l’histoire du vocabulaire scientifique'', Institut national de la langue française, 1983, '''5''':97-113</ref> as found in {{Lang|grc|ταξίαρχος}}, '[[taxiarch]]', and the neologism ''[[taxidermy]]''. Modern Greek uses {{Lang|grc|ταξ'''ι'''νομία}} in its reborrowing.<ref>Andriotis et al., Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής = ''[[Triantafyllidis Dictionary]]'', ''s.v.''</ref>
* ''[[psychedelic]]'' < {{Lang|grc|ψυχή}} 'psyche' + {{Lang|grc|δηλοῦν}} 'make manifest, reveal'; the regular formation would be ''{{not a typo|psychodelic}}''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Wade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmNgsXKmE_IC&q=%22lest+a+Harvard+man+be%22 |title=One River |date=1997 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-684-83496-2 |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref> or ''{{not a typo|psychodelotic}}'';<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicholas |first=Nick |date=2022 |title=Are there English words composed of Greek-derived morphemes and/or affixes that aren't actually Greek words and only exist in English? |url=https://www.quora.com/Are-there-English-words-composed-of-Greek-derived-morphemes-and-or-affixes-that-aren-t-actually-Greek-words-and-only-exist-in-English/answer/Nick-Nicholas-5 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Quora |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[telegram]]''; the regular formation would have been ''{{not a typo|telegrapheme}}'';<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', ''s.v.''</ref>
* ''[[heuristic]]'', regular formation ''{{not a typo|heuretic}}'';
* ''[[chrysalis]]'', regular spelling ''{{not a typo|chrysallis}}'';
* ''[[ptomaine]]'', regular formation ''{{not a typo|ptomatine}}'';
* ''[[kerosene]]'', ''[[hydrant (disambiguation)|hydrant]]'', ''[[symbiont]]''.
 
Many [[combining form]]s have specific technical meanings in [[neologism]]s, not predictable from the Greek sense (''cf.'' [[libfix]]):
* ''-cyte'' or ''[[cyto]]-'' < {{Lang|grc|κύτος}} 'container', means [[cell (biology)|biological cells]], not arbitrary containers.
* ''[[-oma]]'' < {{Lang|grc|-ωμα}}, a generic [[morpheme]] forming [[deverbal noun]]s, such as ''[[diploma]]'' ('a folded thing') and ''[[glaucoma]]'' ('greyness'), comes to have the very narrow meaning of 'tumor' or 'swelling', on the model of words like ''[[carcinoma]]'' < {{Lang|grc|καρκίνωμα}}. For example, ''[[melanoma]]'' does not come from {{Lang|grc|μελάνωμα}} 'blackness', but rather from the modern combining forms ''melano-'' ('dark' [in biology]) + ''-oma'' ('tumor').
* ''-itis'' < {{Lang|grc|-ῖτις}}, a generic adjectival suffix; in medicine used to mean a disease characterized by inflammation: ''appendicitis'', ''conjunctivitis'', ..., and now facetiously generalized to mean "feverish excitement".<ref name="potter">Simeon Potter, ''Our language'', Penguin, 1950, p. 43</ref>
* ''-osis'' < {{Lang|grc|-ωσις}}, originally a state, condition, or process; in medicine, used for a disease.<ref name="potter"/>
* ''petro-'' < πέτρο- 'rock'; used to mean petroleum, as in ''petrodollars''.
* ''syn- < συν-'' 'with'; refers to synthesis or synthesizers: ''syngas, Synclavier.''

And some borrowings are modified in fairly arbitrary ways:
* ''gas'' (< {{Lang|grc|χάος}} chaos) is irregular both in formation and in spelling;
* ''[[hecto-]], [[kilo-]], [[myria-]]'', etymologically ''{{not a typo|hecato-}}'', ''{{not a typo|chilio-}}'', ''{{not a typo|myrio-}}'';<ref>[[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]] as reported in {{cite book|title=The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia|first=David|last=Brewster|volume=12|edition=1st American|date=1832|publisher=Joseph and Edward Parker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=17RGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA572|access-date=2021-11-22}}</ref>
In standard [[chemical nomenclature]], the numerical prefixes are "only loosely based on the corresponding Greek words", ''e.g.'' ''octaconta-'' is used for 80 instead of the Greek ''ogdoeconta-'' '80'. There are also "mixtures of Greek and Latin roots", ''e.g.'', ''nonaconta-'', for 90, is a blend of the Latin ''nona-'' for 9 and the Greek {{nowrap|''-conta-''}} found in words such as ἐνενήκοντα ''enenekonta'' '90'.<ref>N. Lozac'h, "Extension of Rules A-1.1 and A-2.5 concerning numerical terms used in organic chemical nomenclature (Recommendations 1986)", ''Pure and Applied Chemistry'' '''58''':12:1693-1696 {{doi|10.1351/pac198658121693}}, under "Discussion", p. 1694-1695 [https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/pac/58/12/article-p1693.xml full text][https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbcs/iupac/misc/numb.html#:~:text=The%20etymology%20of%20the%20prefixes%20derived%20from%20Rule%20A-1.1%20is%20only%20loosely%20based%20on%20the%20corresponding%20Greek%20words.%20Relatively%20large%20divergences%20occur%20such%20as%20octaconta-%20for%2080%20instead%20of%20ogdoeconta-.%20In%20some%20cases%2C%20a%20Latin%20root%20has%20been%20preferred%2C%20or%20mixtures%20of%20Greek%20and%20Latin%20roots%20(''e.g.''%2C%20nona-%20for%209%2C%20undeca-%20for%2011%2C%20nonaconta-%20for%2090). deep link to WWW version]</ref> The Greek form is, however, used in the [[List of polygons|names of polygons]] in mathematics, though the names of [[polyhedra]] are more idiosyncratic.

Many Greek [[affix]]es such as ''anti-'' and ''-ic'' have become [[Productivity (linguistics)|productive]] in English, combining with arbitrary English words: ''antichoice'', ''Fascistic''.

Some words in English have been [[Folk etymology|reanalyzed]] as a base plus affix, leading to affixes based on Greek words, but which are not affixes in Greek (''cf.'' [[libfix]]). Their meaning relates to the full word they were shortened from, not the Greek meaning:
* ''-athon'' or ''{{nowrap|-a-thon}}'' (from the [[portmanteau]] word ''[[walkathon]]'', from ''walk'' + ''[[marathon|(mar)athon]]''). 
* ''[[-ase]]'', used in chemistry for enzymes, is abstracted from ''[[diastase]]'', where -'''ασ'''ις is not a morpheme at all in Greek.
* ''-on'' for elementary particles, from ''electron'': ''[[lepton]]'', ''[[neutron]]'', ''[[phonon]]'', ...
* ''-nomics'' refers specifically to economics: ''[[Reaganomics]]''.
* ''heli-'' and ''-copter'' from ''helico-pter'' 'spiral-wing'
''[[Nostalgia]]'' was coined by a 17th-century German author as a Latin calque of German ''Heimweh.''

===Through other languages===

Some Greek words were borrowed through [[Arabic]] and then [[Romance languages|Romance]]. Many are learned: 
* ''[[alchemy]]'' ([[Arabic definite article|''al-'']] + {{Lang|grc|χημεία}} or {{Lang|grc|χημία}})
** ''[[chemist]]'' is a [[back-formation]] from ''alchemist''
* ''[[elixir]]'' (''al-'' + {{Lang|grc|ξήριον}})
* ''[[alembic]]'' (''al-'' + {{Lang|grc|ἄμβιξ}})

Others are popular: 
* ''[[bottarga]]'' ({{Lang|grc|ᾠοτάριχον}})
* ''[[tajine]]'' ({{Lang|grc|τάγηνον}})
* ''[[carat (mass)|carat]]'' ({{Lang|grc|κεράτιον}})
* ''[[talisman]]'' ({{Lang|grc|τέλεσμα}})
* possibly ''[[quintal]]'' ({{Lang|grc|κεντηνάριον}} < Latin {{lang|la|[[centenarium]] (pondus)}}).

A few words took other routes:<ref>Skeat gives more on p. 605-606, but the Oxford English Dictionary does not agree with his etymologies of ''cobalt'', ''nickel'', etc.</ref>
* ''[[Seine fishing|seine]]'' (a kind of fishing net) comes from a [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] form *''sagīna'', from Latin {{lang|la|sagēna}}, from {{lang|grc|σαγήνη}}. 
* ''[[effendi]]'' comes from [[Turkish language|Turkish]], borrowed from [[Medieval Greek]] {{lang|grc|αυθέντης}} (/afˈθendis/, 'lord').
* ''[[Hora (dance)|hora]]'' (the dance) comes from [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[Modern Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew]], borrowed from {{lang|grc|χορός}} 'dance'.

===Vernacular and learned doublets===

Some Greek words have given rise to [[doublet (linguistics)|etymological doublets]], being borrowed both through a later learned, direct route, and earlier through an organic, indirect route:<ref name="skeat">Walter William Skeat, ''A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language'', "List of Doublets", p. 599ff ([https://books.google.com/books?id=8X0ZAAAAYAAJ full text])</ref><ref>Edward A. Allen, "English Doublets", ''[[Publications of the Modern Language Association of America]]'' '''23''':2:184-239 (1908) {{doi|10.2307/456687}} {{JSTOR|456687}}</ref>
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* {{lang|grc|ἀδάμας}} ''adamant'', ''diamond'';
* {{lang|grc|ἀμυγδάλη}} ''amygdala'', ''almond'';
* {{lang|grc|ἀντίφωνα}} ''antiphon'', ''anthem'';
* {{lang|grc|ἀποθήκη}} ''apothec(ary)'', ''boutique'' via French, ''bodega'' via Spanish;
* {{lang|grc|ἀσϕόδελος}} ''asphodel'', ''daffodil'';
* {{lang|grc|αὐθεντικός}} ''authentic'', ''effendi'' (αὐθέντης via Turkish);
* {{lang|grc|βάλσαμον}} (probably itself a borrowing from Semitic) ''balsam'', ''balm'';
* {{lang|grc|βάσις}} ''basis'', ''base'', ''bass'' (voice);
* {{lang|grc|βλάσφημος}} ''blasphemy'', ''blame'';
* {{lang|grc|βούτυρον}} ''butyr(ic)'', ''butter'';
* {{lang|grc|διάβολος}} ''diabol(ic)'', ''devil'';
* {{lang|grc|δραχμή}} ''drachma'', ''dram'', ''[[dirhem]]'' via Arabic;
* {{lang|grc|ἔλαιον}} ''elaeo-'', ''oil'', ''olive'', ''oleum'', ''[[latke]]'' via Russian and Yiddish;
* {{lang|grc|ἐλεημοσύνη}} ''eleemosynary'', ''alms'';
* {{lang|grc|ἐπίσκοπος}} ''episcop(al)'', ''bishop'';
* {{lang|grc|ζῆλος}} ''zeal'', ''jealous'';
* {{lang|grc|ἡμικρανία}} ''hemicrania'', ''migraine'';
* {{lang|grc|θησαυρός}} ''thesaurus'', ''treasure'';
* {{lang|grc|ἰῶτα}} ''iota'', ''jot'';
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* {{lang|grc|καθέδρα}} ''cathedra(l)'', ''chair'', ''chaise'';
* {{lang|grc|κάνναβις}} ''cannabis'', ''canvas'';
* {{lang|grc|κέρας}}/{{lang|grc|κέρατ-}} 'horn' ''keratin'', ''carat'' via Arabic;
* {{lang|grc|κόλπος}} 'lap, womb, hollow, bay' ''colp(itis)'', ''gulf'';
* {{lang|grc|κυβερνᾶν}} ''cybernetics'', ''govern'';
* {{lang|grc|πάπυρος}} ''papyrus'', ''paper'';
* {{lang|grc|παροικία}} ''parochial'', ''parish'';
* {{lang|grc|πόδιον}} ''podium'', ''pew'';
* {{lang|grc|πρεσβύτερος}} ''presbyter'', ''priest'';
* {{lang|grc|πυξίς}} ''pyx(is)'', ''box'';
* {{lang|grc|σκάνδαλον}} ''scandal'', ''slander'';
* {{lang|grc|τρίπους}}/{{lang|grc|τρίποδ-}} ''tripod'', ''tripos'' (both learned);
* {{lang|grc|τύμπανον}} 'drum' ''tympanum'' 'eardrum', ''timbre'', ''timpani'';
* {{lang|grc|φρενετικός}} ''frenetic'', ''frantic'';
* {{lang|grc|χειρουργός}} ''chirurgical'', ''surgeon'';
* {{lang|grc|χορός}} ''chorus'', ''choir'', ''hora'' (via Turkish, Romanian, and modern Hebrew);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gold |first=David L. |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Studies_in_Etymology_and_Etiology.html?id=l015C5vm1XkC#v=onepage&q=Hora%20%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82%20etymology&f=false |title=Studies in Etymology and Etiology: and With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance and Slavic Languages |date=2009 |publisher=Universidad de Alicante |isbn=978-84-7908-517-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{lang|grc|χρῖσμα}} ''chrism'', ''cream'';
* {{lang|grc|χρῑστιᾱνός}} ''Christian'', ''christen'', ''cretin'';<ref>Etymology is disputed; perhaps from Latin ''Christianus'', as a euphemism; perhaps from Latin ''crista'', referring to a symptom of iodine deficiency</ref>
* {{lang|grc|ὥρα}} ''horo(scope)'', ''hour''.
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Other doublets come from differentiation in the borrowing languages:
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* {{lang|grc|γραμματική}} ''grammatic(al)'': ''grammar'', ''glamor'', ''grimoire'';
* {{lang|grc|δίσκος}} ''discus'': ''disc'', ''dish'', ''dais'', and ''desk'';
* {{lang|grc|κιθάρα}} ''cither'': ''guitar'', ''zither'', ''gittern'', ''cittern'', ''etc.'';
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* {{lang|grc|κρύπτη}} ''crypt'': ''grotto'', ''(under)croft'';
* {{lang|grc|παραβολή}} ''parabola'': ''parable''; additional doublets in [[Romance languages|Romance]] give ''palaver'', ''parol'', and ''parole'';
* {{lang|grc|ϕαντασία}} ''phantasy'', ''fantasy'', ''fantasia''; ''fancy'' in 15th-century English.
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===From modern Greek===

Finally, with the growth of tourism and emigration, some words reflecting modern Greek culture have been borrowed into English—many of them originally borrowings into Greek themselves:

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* ''[[retsina]]''
* ''[[ouzo]]''
* ''[[souvlaki]]'' (< Latin)
* ''[[taverna]]'' (< Italian)
* ''[[moussaka]]'' (< Turkish < Arabic)
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* ''[[baklava]]'' (< Turkish)
* ''[[feta]]'' (< Italian)
* ''[[bouzouki]]'' (< Turkish)
* ''[[gyro (food)|gyro]]'' (the food, a [[calque]] of Turkish ''[[döner]]'').
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