Editing Essen (section)

== Geography ==

=== General ===
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{| style="width: 400px; float: right; clear: right;"
|-
| style="text-align:right; width:25%; vertical-align:bottom;"| [[File:DEU Oberhausen COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Oberhausen]]
| style="text-align:center; width:10%; vertical-align:bottom;"| [[File:DEU Bottrop COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Bottrop]]
| style="text-align:left; width:15%; vertical-align:bottom;"| [[File:DEU Gladbeck COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Gladbeck]]
| style="text-align:left; width:25%; vertical-align:bottom;"| [[File:DEU Gelsenkirchen COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Gelsenkirchen]]
|-
| style="width:25%; text-align:right;"| [[File:DEU Mülheim an der Ruhr COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Mülheim|Mülheim an der Ruhr]]
| style="width:50%; text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[File:Essen Stadtteile und Stadtbezirke.svg|100px|center|Map of the Districts and Boroughs of Essen]] Essen<br /><small>(map of districts and boroughs)</small>
| style="width:25%; text-align:left;"| [[File:DEU Bochum COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Bochum]]
|-
| style="text-align:right; width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[File:DEU Ratingen COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Ratingen]]
| style="text-align:right; width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[File:DEU Heiligenhaus COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Heiligenhaus]]
| style="text-align:center; width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[File:DEU Velbert COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Velbert]]
| style="text-align:left; width:25%; vertical-align:top;"| [[File:DEU Hattingen COA.svg|20px]]<br />[[Hattingen]]
|-
|}
Essen is located in the centre of the [[Ruhr]] area, one of the largest [[urban area]]s in Europe comprising eleven [[independent city|independent cities]] and four districts with some 5.3 million inhabitants into a [[megalopolis (city type)|megalopolis]]. The city limits of Essen itself are {{convert|87|km|mi|0}} long, and border ten cities{{snd}}five belonging to a district ({{lang|de|kreisangehörig}}) and five independent{{snd}}with a total population of approximately 1.4 million. The city extends over {{convert|21|km|mi|0}} from north to south and {{convert|17|km|mi|0}} from west to east, mainly north of the [[Ruhr (river)|River Ruhr]].

The Ruhr forms the {{ill |Lake Baldeney |de |Baldeneysee}} [[reservoir]] in the boroughs of Fischlaken, Kupferdreh, Heisingen and [[Essen-Werden|Werden]]. The lake, a popular recreational area, dates from 1931 to 1933, when some thousands of unemployed [[coal miner]]s dredged it with primitive tools. Generally, large areas south of the River Ruhr (including the suburbs of Schuir and [[Kettwig]]) are quite green and are often quoted as examples of rural structures in the otherwise relatively densely populated central Ruhr area. According to the [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]], Essen with 9.2% of its area covered by recreational green is the greenest city in [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-125300649.html|title=Kommunen: Der Tausendfüßler|date=October 2014|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429074540/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-125300649.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the third-greenest city in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/panorama/reise-leben/top-ten-das-sind-deutschlands-gruenste-staedte/4369498.html|title=Top ten: Das sind Deutschlands grünste Städte|work=[[Handelsblatt]]|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430163200/http://www.handelsblatt.com/panorama/reise-leben/top-ten-das-sind-deutschlands-gruenste-staedte/4369498.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has been shortlisted for the title of [[European Green Capital]] two consecutive times, for 2016 and 2017, winning for 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/media-corner/press-releases/index.html|title=European Green Capital|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510211112/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/media-corner/press-releases/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was singled out for its exemplary practices in protecting and enhancing nature and biodiversity and efforts to reduce water consumption. Essen participates in a variety of networks and initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve the city's resilience in the face of climate change.

The lowest point can be found in the northern borough of Karnap at {{convert|26.5|m|ft|1}}, the highest point in the borough of Heidhausen at {{convert|202.5|m|ft|0}}. The average elevation is {{convert|116|m|ft|0}}.

=== City districts ===
Essen comprises fifty boroughs which in turn are grouped into nine suburban districts (called ''[[Stadtbezirk]]e'') often named after the most important boroughs. Each Stadtbezirk is assigned a [[Roman numeral]] and has a local body of nineteen members with limited authority. Most of the boroughs were originally independent municipalities but were gradually annexed from 1901 to 1975. This long-lasting process of annexation has led to a strong identification of the population with "their" boroughs or districts and to a rare peculiarity: the borough of [[Kettwig]], located south of the Ruhr River, and which was not annexed until 1975, has its own [[Telephone numbering plan|area code]] and remains part of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne|Archdiocese of Cologne]], whereas all other boroughs of Essen and some neighbouring cities constitute the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Essen|Diocese of Essen]].

=== Climate ===
Essen has a typical [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''; [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Dobk'') with cool winters and warm summers (different from [[Berlin]] or [[Stuttgart]]). Without large mountains and the presence of inland seas, it ends up extending a predominantly [[Oceanic climate|marine climate]] is found in Essen, usually a little more extreme and drier in other continents in such [[Location|geographical location]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=1401&cityname=Essen,+North+Rhine-Westphalia,+Germany&units=|title=Essen, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131174402/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=1401&cityname=Essen%252C+North+Rhine-Westphalia%252C+Germany&units=|url-status=live}}</ref> Its average annual temperature is {{convert|10|C|F|0}}: {{convert|13.3|C|F|0}} during the day and {{convert|6.7|C|F|0}} at night. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|934|mm|in|0}}. The coldest month of the year is January, when the average temperature is {{convert|2.4|C|F|0}}. The warmest months are July and August, with an average temperature of {{convert|18|C|F|0}}.<ref name = wmo>{{Cite web|url=https://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c01345.htm|title=World Weather Information Service – Essen|website=worldweather.wmo.int|access-date=4 May 2022|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310082909/https://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c01345.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Essen weather station has recorded the following extreme values:<ref name=sklima/>
* Highest Temperature {{convert|40.0|C|F}} on [[2019_European_heatwaves#Germany|25 July 2019]].
* Warmest Minimum {{convert|24.4|C|F}} on 1 August 1943.
* Coldest Maximum {{convert|-13.8|C|F}} on 1 February 1956.
* Lowest Temperature {{convert|-24.0|C|F}} on 27 January 1942.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteorologyclimate.com/extreme-temperature-records.htm|title=Extreme temperature records since 1850|website=meteorologyclimate.com|access-date=12 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329142642/http://www.meteorologyclimate.com/extreme-temperature-records.htm|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=wetterzentrale/>
* Highest Daily Precipitation {{convert|109.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} on 14 August 1954.
* Wettest Month {{convert|235.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} in August 1938.
* Wettest Year {{convert|1372.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 2023.
* Driest Year {{convert|573.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 1959.
* Earliest Snowfall: 4 November 1966.
* Latest Snowfall: 28 April 1985.
* Longest annual sunshine: 2,058.8 hours in 2022.
* Shortest annual sunshine: 1,192.5 hours in 1962.

{{Weather box
|width=auto	
|location = Essen-[[Bredeney]]: 161m, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1935-present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 16.2
|Feb record high C = 19.5
|Mar record high C = 24.5
|Apr record high C = 28.9
|May record high C = 32.0
|Jun record high C = 34.5
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 36.6
|Sep record high C = 32.7
|Oct record high C = 26.4
|Nov record high C = 20.2
|Dec record high C = 16.8
|Jan avg record high C = 11.9
|Feb avg record high C = 13.0
|Mar avg record high C = 18.0
|Apr avg record high C = 23.0
|May avg record high C = 26.4
|Jun avg record high C = 30.1
|Jul avg record high C = 32.0
|Aug avg record high C = 31.3
|Sep avg record high C = 26.3
|Oct avg record high C = 21.2
|Nov avg record high C = 15.9
|Dec avg record high C = 12.2
|year avg record high C = 33.7
|Jan high C = 5.1
|Feb high C = 6.1
|Mar high C = 10.0
|Apr high C = 14.5
|May high C = 18.2
|Jun high C = 21.1
|Jul high C = 23.5
|Aug high C = 23.0
|Sep high C = 19.0
|Oct high C = 14.2
|Nov high C = 9.1
|Dec high C = 5.7
|year high C = 14.1
|Jan mean C = 2.9
|Feb mean C = 3.4
|Mar mean C = 6.4
|Apr mean C = 10.2
|May mean C = 13.8
|Jun mean C = 16.6
|Jul mean C = 18.7
|Aug mean C = 18.4
|Sep mean C = 14.9
|Oct mean C = 10.8
|Nov mean C = 6.7
|Dec mean C = 3.7
|year mean C = 10.5
|Jan low C = 0.6
|Feb low C = 0.8
|Mar low C = 3.1
|Apr low C = 5.9
|May low C = 9.2
|Jun low C = 12.0
|Jul low C = 14.3
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 11.3
|Oct low C = 7.9
|Nov low C = 4.3
|Dec low C = 1.6
|year low C = 7.1
|Jan avg record low C = -6.9
|Feb avg record low C = -5.6
|Mar avg record low C = -2.9
|Apr avg record low C = -0.3
|May avg record low C = 3.1
|Jun avg record low C = 6.9
|Jul avg record low C = 9.7
|Aug avg record low C = 9.2
|Sep avg record low C = 6.5
|Oct avg record low C = 1.5
|Nov avg record low C = -1.7
|Dec avg record low C = -5.3
|year avg record low C = -9.0
|Jan record low C = -24.0
|Feb record low C = -18.2
|Mar record low C = -11.1
|Apr record low C = -4.6
|May record low C = -1.8
|Jun record low C = 1.0
|Jul record low C = 4.4
|Aug record low C = 6.0
|Sep record low C = 0.7
|Oct record low C = -4.7
|Nov record low C = -7.8
|Dec record low C = -16.7
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 84.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 66.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 65.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 52.5
|May precipitation mm = 67.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 79.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 85.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 92.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 74.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 77.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 79.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 94.0
|year precipitation mm = 925.3
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 18.6
|Feb precipitation days = 16.1
|Mar precipitation days = 16.4
|Apr precipitation days = 13.3
|May precipitation days = 14.3
|Jun precipitation days = 14.5
|Jul precipitation days = 15.2
|Aug precipitation days = 15.3
|Sep precipitation days = 14.8
|Oct precipitation days = 16.3
|Nov precipitation days = 18.6
|Dec precipitation days = 19.9
|year precipitation days = 193.1
|Jan snow depth cm = 4.4
|Feb snow depth cm = 4.0
|Mar snow depth cm = 1.6
|Apr snow depth cm = trace
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 1.6
|Dec snow depth cm = 3.6
|year snow depth cm = 8.4
|humidity colour = green
|Jan humidity = 84.0
|Feb humidity = 80.5
|Mar humidity = 74.8
|Apr humidity = 68.8
|May humidity = 69.4
|Jun humidity = 71.3
|Jul humidity = 70.7
|Aug humidity = 71.4
|Sep humidity = 77.5
|Oct humidity = 81.9
|Nov humidity = 85.3
|Dec humidity = 86.1
|year humidity = 76.8
|Jan sun = 55.4
|Feb sun = 72.8
|Mar sun = 125.9
|Apr sun = 172.9
|May sun = 204.7
|Jun sun = 197.7
|Jul sun = 208.2
|Aug sun = 193.0
|Sep sun = 149.7
|Oct sun = 109.7
|Nov sun = 60.6
|Dec sun = 45.1
|year sun = 1593.7
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230916130115/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Essen-Bredeney_10410.csv
|archive-date = 16 September 2023
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Essen-Bredeney_10410.csv
|title = Essen-Bredeney Climate Normals 1991–2020
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|access-date = 16 September 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = DWD Open Data<ref name=wetterzentrale>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_y.php?station=1303&country=1&order=1&extreem=X_TX
|title = Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw.
|publisher = DWD
|language = de
|access-date = 29 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=sklima>{{cite web 
|url = http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2
|title = Monatsauswertung 
|website = sklima.de 
|publisher = SKlima 
|language = de 
|access-date = 29 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
|width = 100%
|collapsed = y
|metric first = y
|single line = y
|location = Essen-[[Bredeney]]: 161m, 1961-1990 normals
|Jan high C = 3.9
|Feb high C = 5.1
|Mar high C = 8.3
|Apr high C = 12.4
|May high C = 17.1
|Jun high C = 20.0
|Jul high C = 21.6 
|Aug high C = 21.6    
|Sep high C = 18.4    
|Oct high C = 14.0   
|Nov high C = 8.1
|Dec high C = 4.9
|year high C = 12.9
|Jan mean C = 1.9
|Feb mean C = 2.5
|Mar mean C = 5.1
|Apr mean C = 8.5
|May mean C = 12.9
|Jun mean C = 15.7
|Jul mean C = 17.4
|Aug mean C = 17.2
|Sep mean C = 14.4
|Oct mean C = 10.4
|Nov mean C = 5.7
|Dec mean C = 2.9
|year mean C = 9.6
|Jan low C = -0.3
|Feb low C = 0.0
|Mar low C = 2.2
|Apr low C = 4.8
|May low C = 8.7    
|Jun low C = 11.5    
|Jul low C = 13.2    
|Aug low C = 13.3    
|Sep low C = 11.1   
|Oct low C = 7.9   
|Nov low C = 3.5
|Dec low C = 0.9  
|year low C = 6.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 81
|Feb precipitation mm = 57
|Mar precipitation mm = 75
|Apr precipitation mm = 68
|May precipitation mm = 73
|Jun precipitation mm = 97
|Jul precipitation mm = 89
|Aug precipitation mm = 77
|Sep precipitation mm = 73
|Oct precipitation mm = 70
|Nov precipitation mm = 83
|Dec precipitation mm = 90
|year precipitation mm = 933
|Jan sun = 44.5
|Feb sun = 76.2
|Mar sun = 102.6
|Apr sun = 147.0
|May sun = 192.6
|Jun sun = 181.6
|Jul sun = 186.0
|Aug sun = 183.1
|Sep sun = 134.5
|Oct sun = 111.1
|Nov sun = 55.7
|Dec sun = 38.8
|year sun = 1453.7
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 14
|Feb precipitation days = 10
|Mar precipitation days = 13
|Apr precipitation days = 12
|May precipitation days = 12
|Jun precipitation days = 12
|Jul precipitation days = 11
|Aug precipitation days = 10
|Sep precipitation days = 11
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 14
|Dec precipitation days = 14
|year precipitation days = 143
|source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10410.TXT
|title = Essen (10410) – WMO Weather Station
|access-date = 31 January 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145718/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10410.TXT
|archive-date = 2023-09-30
|url-status = dead
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAEssen Archived] 31 January 2019, at the [[Wayback Machine]]</ref>
}}