Editing Evolutionary robotics (section)

==History==
In the early 1990s, two separate European groups demonstrated different approaches to the evolution of robot control systems. [[Dario Floreano]] and [[Francesco Mondada]] at [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]] evolved controllers for the [[Khepera mobile robot|Khepera robot]].<ref name="FloreanoMondada1996">{{cite journal|last1=Floreano|first1=Dario|last2=Mondada|first2=Francesco|date=1996|title=Evolution of homing navigation in a real mobile robot|url=https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/63879/files/floreano.IEEE-SMC.pdf|journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics|volume=26|issue=3|pages=396–407 |doi=10.1109/3477.499791|pmid=18263042 }}</ref> Adrian Thompson, Nick Jakobi, [[Dave Cliff (professor)|Dave Cliff]], [[Inman Harvey]], and [[Phil Husbands]] evolved controllers for a Gantry robot at the [[University of Sussex]].<ref name="Cliff1993">{{cite journal |last1=Cliff |first1=Dave | last2=Husbands |first2=Phil |last3=Harvey|first3=Inman| title=Explorations in Evolutionary Robotics |journal=Adaptive Behavior |date=1993 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=73–110 |doi=10.1177/105971239300200104 |s2cid=2979661 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229091541}}</ref><ref name="Harvey1997">{{cite journal |last1=Harvey |first1=Inman | last2=Husbands |first2=Phil |last3=Cliff| first3=Dave |last4=Thompson |first4=Adrian |last5=Jakobi |first5=Nick | title=Evolutionary robotics: the Sussex approach |journal=Robotics and Autonomous Systems |date=1997 |volume=20 |issue=2–4 |pages=205–224|doi=10.1016/S0921-8890(96)00067-X }}</ref> 
However the body of these robots was presupposed before evolution.

The first simulations of evolved robots were reported by [[Karl Sims]] and Jeffrey Ventrella of the [[MIT Media Lab]], also in the early 1990s.<ref name="Sims1994">{{cite journal|last=Sims|first=Karl|date=1994|title=Evolving 3D morphology and behavior by competition|url=https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/artl.1994.1.4.353|journal=Artificial Life|volume=1|issue=4|pages=353–372|doi=10.1162/artl.1994.1.4.353 |s2cid=3261121 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Ventrella1994">{{cite conference |last=Ventrella |first=Jeffrey | title=Explorations in the emergence of morphology and locomotion behavior in animated characters |conference=Artificial life |date=1994 |pages=436–441 }}</ref> However these so-called virtual creatures never left their [[physics engine|simulated worlds]]. The first evolved robots to be built in reality were 3D-printed by [[Hod Lipson]] and [[Jordan Pollack]] at [[Brandeis University]] at the turn of the 21st century.<ref name="LipsonPollack2000">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Hod | last2=Pollack |first2=Jordan| title=Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms |journal=Nature |date=2000 |volume=406 |issue=6799 |pages=974–978 |doi=10.1038/35023115 |pmid=10984047 |bibcode=2000Natur.406..974L |s2cid=4317402 }}</ref>