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Ex parte Garland
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==Background== In January 1865, the [[US Congress]] passed a law that effectively disbarred former members of the Confederate government by requiring a [[loyalty oath]] to be recited by any federal court officer that affirmed that the officer had never served in the Confederate government. [[Augustus Hill Garland]], an attorney and a former Confederate Senator from [[Arkansas]], subsequently received a pardon from US President [[Andrew Johnson]]. Garland then came before the court and pleaded that the act of Congress was a [[bill of attainder]] and an [[ex post facto law|''ex post facto'' law]], which unfairly punished him for the crime for which he had been pardoned, and so was unconstitutional.
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