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Exercise ball
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==History== The physical object known as a "Swiss Ball" was developed in 1963 by Aquilino Cosani, an Italian plastics manufacturer. He developed a process for moulding large puncture-resistant plastic balls.<ref name=flett>{{cite book|last=Flett|first=Maureen|url=https://archive.org/details/swissballforstre0000flet/page/6/mode/2up|page=6|title=Swiss Ball: For Strength, Tone and Posture|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85648-663-X|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> According to American physical therapist Joanne Posner-Mayer, the use of the exercise ball as a therapy tool probably begins with the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] pediatrician Dr. Elsbeth Köngan, an early advocate of the [[Bobath concept]].<ref name=craig>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFsoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23|page=23|title=Pilates on the Ball: The World's Most Popular Workout Using the Exercise Ball|last=Craig|first=Colleen|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2001|isbn=9781594775932|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Those balls, then known as "Pezzi balls", were first used in treatment programs for newborns and infants by Mary Quinton, a British physiotherapist working in Switzerland.<ref name=flett /> Later, Dr. Susanne Klein-Vogelbach, the director at the Physical Therapy School in [[Basel]], Switzerland, integrated the use of ball exercise as physical therapy for neuro-developmental treatment. In 1985, she published a famous book “Ballgymnastik zur funktionellen Bewegungslehre” (“Ball Gymnastics for functional movement theory”), where she described several exercises with the ball. Klein-Vogelbach advocated the use of ball techniques to treat adults with orthopedic or medical problems. In 1995, Joanne Posner-Mayer published a book "Swiss Ball Applications for Orthopedic and Sports Medicine" in the US.<ref name=craig /> As American physical therapists began to use ball exercises, the term became common in the US.<ref>{{cite book | last = Carriere | first = Beate | author2 = Renate Tanzberger | title = The Swiss Ball: Theory, Basic Exercises and Clinical Application | publisher = Springer | year = 1998 | isbn = 3-540-61144-4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/swissballtheoryb0000carr }}</ref> From their development as physical therapy in a clinical setting, those exercises are now used in athletic training,<ref>{{cite book | last = Hillman | first = Susan Kay | title = Introduction to Athletic Training | publisher = Human Kinetics | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7360-5292-5 }}</ref> as part of a general fitness routine<ref>{{cite book | last = Milligan | first = James | title = Swiss Ball For Total Fitness: A Step-by-step Guide | publisher = Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. | year = 2005 | isbn = 1-4027-1965-5 }}</ref> and incorporation in alternative exercises such as yoga and [[Pilates]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Mitchell | first = Carol | title = Yoga on the Ball | publisher = Inner Traditions / Bear & Company | year = 2003 | isbn = 0-89281-999-5 | url = https://archive.org/details/yogaonballenhanc00mitc_0 }}</ref> The fastest time to jump across 10 swiss balls is 7.8 seconds and was achieved by Neil Whyte (Australia) on the set of CCTV - Guinness World Records Special in Beijing, China on 12 January 2016.The most push-ups performed on 4 swiss balls in one minute is 31 and was achieved by Neil Whyte (Australia) on the set of CCTV Guinness World Records Special in Beijing, China, on 17 August 2011. Neil also made the record for the farthest jump between two Swiss balls at a distance of 2.3 meters in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/113|title=Guinness World Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=13|publisher=Guinness World Records Limited }}</ref>
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