Editing FN P90 (section)

==History==
===Development===
The P90 and its [[FN 5.7×28mm|5.7×28mm]] ammunition were developed by the Belgian company FN Herstal in response to [[NATO]] requests for a replacement for the [[9×19mm Parabellum]] cartridge and associated pistols and submachine guns.<ref name="gourley2003">Gourley, S.; Kemp, I (November 26, 2003). "The Duellists". Jane's Defence Weekly ({{ISSN|0265-3818}}), Volume 40 Issue 21, pp 26–28.</ref> NATO called for two types of weapons [[Chamber (firearms)|chambered]] for a new cartridge—one a [[Shoulder-fired missile|shoulder-fired weapon]], and the other a handheld weapon.<ref name="gourley2003"/> According to NATO, these new weapons, termed personal defense weapons (PDWs), were to provide "personal protection in last-resort situations when the user is directly endangered by the enemy [...]."<ref name="gourley2003"/> In 1989, NATO published document ''D/296'', outlining a number of preliminary specifications for these weapons:
* The new cartridge was to have greater range, accuracy, and [[ballistic trauma|terminal performance]] than the 9×19mm cartridge.<ref name="gourley2003"/> Additionally, it was to be capable of penetrating [[body armor]].<ref name="gourley2003"/>
* The shoulder-fired personal defense weapon was to weigh less than {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, with a [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]] capacity of at least 20 rounds.<ref name="gourley2003"/>
* The handheld personal defense weapon (pistol) was to weigh less than {{convert|1|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, although a weight of {{convert|700|g|lb|abbr=on}} was deemed desirable; it was to have a magazine capacity of at least 20 rounds.<ref name="gourley2003"/>
* Both weapons were to be sufficiently compact to be carried hands-free on the user's person at all times, whether in the cab of a vehicle or the [[cockpit]] of an aircraft, and were to perform effectively in all environments and weather conditions.<ref name="gourley2003"/>

FN Herstal was the first [[small arms]] manufacturer to respond to NATO's requirement; FN started by developing a shoulder-fired personal defense weapon, the P90, along with a small caliber, high velocity 5.7×28mm cartridge type.<ref name="gourley2003"/> The original 5.7×28mm cartridge, called the ''SS90'', went into production with the P90 in 1990.<ref name="marchington2004">{{cite book |first=James |last=Marchington |year=2004 |title=The Encyclopedia of Handheld Weapons |publisher=Lewis International, Inc. |location=Miami |isbn=9781930983144}}</ref> The SS90 propelled a 1.5&nbsp;g (23&nbsp;[[grain (unit)|grain]]) plastic-core [[projectile]] from the P90 at a [[muzzle velocity]] of roughly {{convert|850|m/s|ft/s|}}.<ref name="marchington2004"/>

Following the P90's introduction, FN revised the 5.7×28mm ammunition.<ref name="gunzonetimeline1990"/> The new variation, designated the ''SS190'', used a projectile {{convert|2.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} shorter in length than that of the SS90.<ref name="marchington2004"/> This allowed it to be used more conveniently in the 5.7×28mm [[FN Five-seven]] pistol, which was under development at that time.<ref name="gunzonetimeline1990"/> The SS190 projectile had a greater weight, and a more conventional construction with an aluminium and steel core.<ref name="gunzonetimeline1990"/><ref name="marchington2004"/> The first prototypes of the SS190 were created in 1992, and the design was finalized in 1993, replacing the SS90.<ref name="gunzonetimeline1990"/> A modified version of the P90, with a magazine adapted to use the shortened ammunition, was then introduced in the same year.<ref name="gunzonetimeline1990"/> Several special cartridge variations were developed, such as the L191 [[tracer ammunition|tracer]] round and the SB193 [[speed of sound|subsonic]] round for use with a sound-suppressed P90.<ref name="jones2009">{{cite book |editor1-first=Richard D. |editor1-last=Jones |editor2-first=Leland S. |editor2-last=Ness |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 |date=January 27, 2009 |edition=35th |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon |isbn=9780710628695}}</ref>

===NATO evolution===
{{further|FN 5.7×28mm#History}}

In 2002 and 2003, NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9×19mm Parabellum cartridge.<ref name="oliver2007">{{cite web|author=Oliver, David|year=2007|title=In the Line of Fire|url=http://www.global-defence.com/2006/Utilities/article.php?id=40|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016074936/http://www.global-defence.com/2006/Utilities/article.php?id=40|archive-date=October 16, 2006|access-date=October 19, 2009|publisher=Global Defence Review}}</ref> The tests compared the relative merits of the FN 5.7×28mm cartridge and the [[HK 4.6×30mm]] cartridge, which was created by [[Germany|German]] small arms manufacturer [[Heckler & Koch]] as a competitor to the 5.7×28mm.<ref name="oliver2007"/> The results of the NATO tests were analyzed by a group formed of experts from Canada, France, the [[United Kingdom]], and the United States, and the group's conclusion was that the 5.7×28mm was "undoubtedly" the more efficient cartridge;<ref name="oliver2007"/> However, the German delegation and others rejected the NATO recommendation that 5.7×28mm be standardized, halting the standardization process indefinitely.<ref name="oliver2007"/><ref name="gourley2003"/> As a result, both the 4.6×30mm and 5.7×28mm cartridges (and the associated weapons) have been independently adopted by various NATO countries, according to preference; the P90 is currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 countries throughout the world.<ref name="milrev"/><ref name="gourley2003"/> The 5.7x28mm was finally standardized by NATO in February 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

===Present===
Further development of the P90 led to the creation of the ''P90 TR'' model, which has a [[Picatinny rail|MIL-STD-1913]] (Picatinny) triple rail interface for mounting accessories.<ref name="gourley2003"/> This model was introduced in late 1999 and continues to be offered alongside the standard P90.<ref name="gourley2003"/> More recently, the P90 has been offered to civilian shooters as the ''PS90'', a semi-automatic [[carbine]] intended for [[self-defense|personal protection]] and sporting use.<ref name="fnhusaps90">{{cite web |url=http://www.fnhusa.com/l/products/commercial/carbines/ps90-standard |title=FNH USA Carbines&nbsp;— The PS90 Standard |publisher=[[FNH USA]] |year=2012 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913050332/http://www.fnhusa.com/l/products/commercial/carbines/ps90-standard/ |archive-date=September 13, 2012 }}</ref>