Editing Farmers' movement (section)

==The Grange==
[[The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry|The Grange]], or Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (the latter official name of the national organization, while the former was the name of local chapters, including a supervisory National Grange at Washington), was a secret order founded in 1867 to advance the social needs and combat the economic backwardness of farm life.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}} It was founded by Oliver H. Kelley, at that time an official working in Washington DC for the Department of Agriculture.  He had been sent to Virginia to assess Southern agricultural resources and practices.  He found them to be generally poor, and became determined to found an organization of farmers for the dissemination of information.  As a Government official from the North, he must have received a generally hostile reception, but he was a Mason, and ended by founding his organization on the structure of that order.  In addition to farming practices, it was to provide insurance and benevolent aid to members.<ref>William D. Barns, "Oliver Hudson Kelley and the genesis of the Grange: A reappraisal." ''Agricultural History'' 41.3 (1967): 229-242 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740337 online].</ref>
 
Kelley and other leaders promoted the equal status of women. The women formed active auxiliaries.<ref>Donald B. Marti, "Sisters of the Grange: Rural feminism in the late nineteenth century." ''Agricultural History'' 58.3 (1984): 247-261. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3743078 online]</ref>

The Grange grew remarkably during the early years: at its peak, its membership rose to 1.5 million. The causes of its growth were much broader than just the financial crisis of 1873; a high tariff, railway freight rates and other grievances were mingled with agricultural troubles like the fall of wheat prices and the increase of mortgages.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}}<ref>Theodore Saloutos, "The Grange in the South, 1870-1877." ''Journal of Southern History'' 19.4 (1953): 473-487. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2955088 online]</ref>

The condition of the farmer seemed desperate. The original objects of the Grange were primarily educational, but these were soon overborne by an anti-middleman, co-operative movement. Grange agents bought everything from farm machinery to women's dresses; hundreds of [[grain elevator]]s and cotton and tobacco warehouses were bought, and even steamboat lines; mutual insurance companies were formed and joint-stock stores. Nor was co-operation limited to distributive processes; crop reports were circulated, co-operative dairies multiplied, flour mills were operated, and patents were purchased, that the Grange might manufacture farm machinery.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}}

The outcome in some states was ruin{{how|date=October 2020}}, and the name, Grange, became a reproach{{why|date=October 2020}}. Nevertheless, these efforts in co-operation were exceedingly important both for the results obtained and for their wider significance. Nor could politics be excluded, though officially taboo, for economics must be considered by social idealists, and economics everywhere ran into politics. Thus it was with the railway question.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}}

Railways had been extended into frontier states; there were heavy crops in sparsely settled regions where freight-rates were high, so that given the existing distributive system there were over production and waste; there was notorious [[stock manipulation]] and discrimination in rates; and the farmers regarded absentee ownership of railways by New York capitalists much as absentee ownership of land has been regarded in Ireland. The Grange officially disclaimed enmity to railways:  Though the organization did not attack them, the Grangers, through political farmers clubs and the like, did.  In 1867, the Grange began efforts to establish regulation of the railways as common-carriers, by the states. Such laws were known as Granger Laws, and their general principles, endorsed in 1876 by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], have become an important chapter in the laws of the land.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}}

In a declaration of principles in 1874 Grangers were declared not to be enemies of railroads, and their cause to stand for no [[communism]] nor [[agrarianism]]. To conservatives, however, cooperation seemed communism, and Grange laws agrarianism; thus, in 1873-1874, the growth of the movement aroused extraordinary interest and much uneasiness. In 1874, the order was reorganized, membership being limited to persons directly interested in the farmers' cause (there had been a millionaire manufacturers Grange on Broadway), and after this there were constant quarrels in the order; moreover, in 1875, the National Grange largely lost control of the state Granges, which discredited the organization by their disastrous co-operation ventures. Thus, by 1876, it had already ceased to be of national political importance.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}}

About 1880, a renaissance began, particularly in the Middle States and New England; this revival was marked by a recurrence to the original social and educational objects. The national Grange and state Granges (in all, or nearly all, of the states) were still active in 1909, especially in the old cultural movement and in such economic movements, notably the improvement of highways as most directly concern the farmers. The initiative and referendum, and other proposals of reform politics in the direction of a democratic advance, also enter in a measure into their propaganda.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=181}}