Editing Farrier (section)

==History==
While the practice of putting protective hoof coverings on horses dates back to the first century,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-06 |title=Horse Shoes History |url=http://www.equisearch.com/horses_care/health/hoof_care/eqhorsesho610/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306031347/http://www.equisearch.com/horses_care/health/hoof_care/eqhorsesho610/ |archive-date=2012-03-06 }}</ref> evidence suggests that the practice of nailing iron shoes into a horse's hoof is a much later invention. One of the first archaeological discoveries of an iron horseshoe was found in the tomb of Merovingian king [[Childeric I]], who reigned from 458 to 481 or 482. The discovery was made by Adrien Quinquin in 1653, and the findings were written about by [[Jean-Jacques Chifflet]] in 1655. Chifflet wrote that the iron horseshoe was so rusted that it fell apart as he attempted to clean it. He did, however, make an illustration of the shoe and noted that it had four holes on each side for nails.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chifflet |first=Jean-Jacques |title=anastasis childerici i francorum regis, sive thesaurus sepulchralis tornaci neviorum effossus et commentario illustratus |publisher=Plantin Press |year=1655 |location=Antwerp |pages=249}}</ref> Although this discovery places the existence of iron horseshoes during the later half of the fifth century, their further usage is not recorded until closer to the end of the millennium. Carolingian [[Capitulary|Capitularies]], legal acts composed and published by Frankish kings until the ninth century, display a high degree of attention to detail when it came to military matters, even going as far as to specify which weapons and equipment soldiers were to bring when called upon for war.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=France |first1=John |title=Warfare in the Dark Ages |last2=DeVries |publisher=Ashgate |year=2008 |location=Hampshire, England |pages=321–340}}</ref> With each Capitulary that calls for horsemen, no mention of horseshoes can be found. Excavations from [[Viking Age|Viking-age]] burials also demonstrate a lack of iron horseshoes, even though many of the stirrups and other [[horse tack]] survived. A burial dig in Slovenia discovered iron bits, stirrups, and saddle parts but no horseshoes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1287098588 |title=Horse and Rider in the late Viking Age Equestrian burial in perspective. |date=2021 |others=Project Muse, Project MUSE, Anne Pedersen, Merethe Schifter Bagge |isbn=978-87-7184-998-1 |edition=1 |location=Baltimore, Md. |oclc=1287098588 |publisher=[[Aarhus University Press]]}}</ref> The first literary mention of nailed horseshoes is found within Ekkehard's [[Waltharius]],<ref name=":0" /> written c. 920 AD. The practice of shoeing horses in Europe likely originated in Western Europe, where they had more need due to the way the climate affected horses' hooves, before spreading eastward and northward by 1000 AD.

The task of shoeing horses was originally performed by blacksmiths, owing to the origin of the word found within the Latin ''ferrum''. However, by the time of [[Edward III of England]] (r. 1327–1377) the position, among others, had become much more specialized. This was part of a larger trend in specialization and the division of labour in England at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Britnell |first=R. H. |date=2001 |title=Specialization of Work in England, 1100-1300 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3091711 |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1111/1468-0289.00181 |jstor=3091711 |issn=0013-0117|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1350, Edward released an ordinance concerning pay and wages within the city of London. In the ordinance it mentioned farriers and decreed that they were not to charge more for their services than "they were wont to take before the time of the pestilence."<ref>{{Citation |last=Holland |first=John |title=London Life and Works |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139857093.007 |work=Memorials of Sir Francis Chantrey |year=2013 |pages=241–306 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139857093.007 |isbn=9781139857093 |access-date=2022-11-03|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The pestilence mentioned was the [[Black Death]], which places the existence of farriers as a trade independent of blacksmiths at the latest in 1346. In 1350, a statute from Edward designated the shoer of horses at court to be the ferrour des chivaux (literally Shoer of Horses), who would be sworn in before judges. The ferrour des chivaux would swear to do his craft properly and to limit himself solely to it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=George |date=January 1892 |title=Shoeing of Army Horses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_I5AQAAMAAJ&dq=edward+ii%2C+1359%2C+forges%2C+equipment&pg=PA986 |journal=Journal of the Military Service Institution of the United States |volume=13 |pages=986–987}}</ref> The increasing division of labour in England, especially in regards to the farriers, proved beneficial for Edward III during the first phase of the [[Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360|Hundred Years' War]]. The English army traveled into France with an immense baggage train that possessed its own forges in order for the Sergeants-Farrier and his assistants to shoe horses in the field. The increased specialization of the fourteenth century allowed Edward to create a self-sufficient army, thus contributing to his military success in France.