Editing Favela (section)

==History==
{{More citations needed|section|date=December 2022}}
The term favela dates back to the late 1800s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Favelas |url=http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/chad/thefavel.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010215020333/http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/chad/thefavel.htm |archive-date=2001-02-15 |access-date=2011-11-11 |publisher=[[Macalester College]]}}</ref> At the time, soldiers were brought from the [[War of Canudos]], in the northeastern state of [[Bahia]], to [[Rio de Janeiro]] and left with no place to live.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espinoza |first=Rodolfo |title=Slum Dunk |url=http://www.brazzillog.com/pages/cvrjun97.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629081939/http://www.brazzillog.com/pages/cvrjun97.htm |archive-date=2006-06-29 |access-date= |website=brazzillog.com}}</ref> When they served in Bahia, those soldiers had been familiar with Canudos' ''Morro da Favela'' ("Favela Hill") – a name referring to ''favela'', a skin-irritating tree in the [[spurge family]] (''[[Cnidoscolus quercifolius]]'') indigenous to Bahia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Douglas |first=Bruce |date=2016-04-05 |title=The story of cities #15: the rise and ruin of Rio de Janeiro's first favela |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/05/story-cities-15-rio-de-janeiro-first-favela-providencia-2016-olympic-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405080534/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/05/story-cities-15-rio-de-janeiro-first-favela-providencia-2016-olympic-games |archive-date=2016-04-05 |access-date= |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Kátia Andressa |last2=Filho |first2=Octávio Pessoa Aragão |last3=Aguiar |first3=Caroline Mariana |last4=Milinsk |first4=Maria Cristina |last5=Sampaio |first5=Sílvio César |last6=Palú |first6=Fernando |last7=da Silva |first7=Edson Antônio |title=Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and thermal analysis of oil extracted from favela (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) seeds |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |date=March 2017 |volume=97 |pages=368–373 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.045 }}</ref><ref>Pedro A. Pinto, ''[[Os Sertões]] de [[Euclides da Cunha]]: Vocabulário e Notas Lexiológicas'', Rio: Francisco Al {{cite web |url=http://www.casaeuclidiana.org.br/texto/ler.php?id=907&secao=120 |title=Artigos |access-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160934/http://www.casaeuclidiana.org.br/texto/ler.php?id=907&secao=120 |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref> When they settled on the Providência [Providence] hill in Rio de Janeiro, they nicknamed the place ''Favela hill''.<ref>[http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/v2/home/?go=detalhe&id=1152 Aldeias do mal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408094702/http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/v2/home/?go=detalhe&id=1152 |date=8 April 2010 }}</ref>

The favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estate interests.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ney dos Santos Oliveira, ''Favelas and Ghettos:race and Class in Rio de Janeiro City''.</ref> Following the end of slavery and increased urbanization into Brazilian cities, a lot of people from the Brazilian countryside moved to Rio. These new migrants sought work in the city but with little to no money, they could not afford urban housing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Perlman|first=Janice|title=Favela : ninety Decades of death on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro|date=10 September 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=9780195368369}}</ref>

During the 1950s, the favelas grew to such an extent that they were perceived as a problem for the whole society. At the same time the term favela underwent a first institutionalization by becoming a local category for the settlements of the urban poor on hills. However, it was not until 1937 that the favela actually became central to public attention, when the Building Code (Código de Obras) first recognized their very existence in an official document and thus marked the beginning of explicit favela policies.<ref name="Glimpses of Another World"/>

The housing crisis of the 1940s forced the urban poor to erect hundreds of [[Shanty town|shantytowns]] in the suburbs, when favelas replaced tenements as the main type of residence for destitute [[Carioca]]s (residents of Rio). The explosive era of favela growth dates from the 1940s, when [[Getúlio Vargas]]'s industrialization drive pulled hundreds of thousands of migrants into the former Federal District, to the 1970s, when shantytowns expanded beyond urban Rio and into the metropolitan periphery.<ref>Pino, Julio Cesar. ''Sources on the history of favelas in Brazil.''</ref>

Urbanization in the 1950s provoked mass migration from the countryside to the cities throughout Brazil by those hoping to take advantage of the economic opportunities urban life provided. Those who moved to Rio de Janeiro chose an inopportune time. The change of Brazil's capital from Rio to [[Brasília]] in 1960 marked a slow but steady decline for the former, as industry and employment options began to dry up. Unable to find work, and therefore unable to afford housing within the city limits, these new migrants remained in the favelas. Despite their proximity to urban [[Rio de Janeiro]], the city did not extend sanitation, electricity, or other services to the favelas. They soon became associated with extreme poverty and were considered a headache to many citizens and politicians within Rio.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In the 1970s, Brazil's military dictatorship pioneered a favela eradication policy, which forced the displacement of hundreds of thousands of residents. During [[Carlos Lacerda]]'s administration, many were moved to public housing projects such as [[Cidade de Deus (Rio de Janeiro)|Cidade de Deus]] ("City of God"), later popularized in a widely popular [[City of God (2002 film)|feature film of the same name]]. Poor public planning and insufficient investment by the government led to the disintegration of these projects into new favelas.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

By the 1980s, worries about [[eviction]] and eradication were beginning to give way to violence associated with the burgeoning drug trade. Changing routes of production and consumption meant that [[Rio de Janeiro]] found itself as a transit point for [[cocaine]] destined for Europe. Although drugs brought in money, they also accompanied the rise of the [[small arms trade]] and of gangs competing for dominance.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

While there are Rio favelas which are still essentially ruled by organized crime groups like [[drug traffickers]] or by organized crime groups called ''milícias'' ([[Brazilian police militias]]), all of the favelas in Rio's [[Rio de Janeiro#South Zone|South Zone]] and key favelas in the [[Rio de Janeiro#North Zone|North Zone]] are now managed by [[Pacifying Police Unit]]s, known as UPPs. While drug dealing, sporadic gun fights, and residual control from drug lords remain in certain areas, Rio's political leaders point out that the UPP is a new paradigm after decades without a government presence in these areas.<ref>{{cite news |author=Balocco |first=André |date=18 November 2013 |title=Beltrame: 'Cabe lutar para manter as UPPs' |trans-title=Beltrame: 'We must fight to maintain the UPPs' |url=http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2013-11-18/beltrame-cabe-lutar-para-manter-as-upps.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121044338/http://odia.ig.com.br/noticia/rio-de-janeiro/2013-11-18/beltrame-cabe-lutar-para-manter-as-upps.html |archive-date=21 November 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013 |work=[[O Dia]] |location=[[Rio de Janeiro]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

Most of the current favelas greatly expanded in the 1970s, as a construction boom in the more affluent districts of Rio de Janeiro initiated a [[Rural flight|rural exodus]] of workers from poorer [[States of Brazil|states]] in Brazil. Since then, favelas have been created under different terms but with similar results.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}<ref>See [[Ronald Daus]]'s bibliography on Suburbs ([[Free University of Berlin]])</ref>

Communities form in favelas over time and often develop an array of social and religious organizations and forming associations to obtain such services as running water and electricity. Sometimes the residents manage to gain title to the land and then are able to improve their homes. Because of crowding, unsanitary conditions, [[poor nutrition]] and pollution, disease is rampant in the poorer favelas and [[infant mortality rates]] are high. In addition, favelas situated on hillsides are often at risk from flooding and landslides.<ref name = mafra>{{cite journal |last1=Mafra |first1=Clara |title=Dwelling on the hill: Impressions of residents of two favelas in Rio de Janeiro regarding religion and public space |journal=Religion |date=March 2008 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=68–76 |doi=10.1016/j.religion.2008.01.001 |s2cid=145068954 }}</ref>
[[File:Vidigal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.jpg|thumb|350px|The lights of [[Vidigal (favela)|Vidigal]] favela in Rio de Janeiro as seen from [[Ipanema]] and [[Leblon]] beaches. The cone spire to the far right is part of the Morro Dois Irmãos.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin-right:60px"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Service in Favela (Census 2010)
! style="text-align:center;"|Percent<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-21 |title=IBGE: 6% da população brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010 |trans-title=IBGE: 6% of the Brazilian population lived in favelas in 2010 |url=https://tribunadonorte.com.br/brasil/ibge-6-da-populacao-brasileira-vivia-em-favelas-em-2010/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324172117/http://tribunadonorte.com.br/noticia/ibge-6-da-populacao-brasileira-vivia-em-favelas-em-2010/206602 |archive-date=2014-03-24 |work=Tribuna do Norte |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sanitation]] || 67.3
|-
| Water || 88.3
|-
| Electricity || 99.7
|-
| [[Waste management|Garbage collection]] || 95.4
|-
! style="text-align:left;"|People in Favela
! style="text-align:left;"|Population
|-
|Favela residents of Brazil's population || 11,400,000 (6%)
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|Demographics in Favela
! style="text-align:center;"|Proportion<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-21 |title=Favelas concentram 6% da população brasileira, com 11 mi de habitantes |trans-title=Favelas account for 6% of the Brazilian population, with 11 million inhabitants |url=http://gazetaonline.globo.com/_conteudo/2011/12/noticias/minuto_a_minuto/nacional/1066412-favelas-concentram-6-da-populacao-brasileira-com-11-mi-de-habitantes.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324184439/http://gazetaonline.globo.com/_conteudo/2011/12/noticias/minuto_a_minuto/nacional/1066412-favelas-concentram-6-da-populacao-brasileira-com-11-mi-de-habitantes.html |archive-date=2014-03-24 |work=Gazeta Online |publisher=[[Agência Estado]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref>
|-
|[[Pardo Brazilians|Pardo]] or [[Afro-Brazilians|black]]|| 68.4
|-
|[[Illiteracy]] || 8.4
|}