Editing Figure skating jumps (section)

==History==
[[File:Axel Paulsen c1895.jpg|thumb|left|Norwegian figure skater [[Axel Paulsen]] created the Axel jump {{circa|1895}}.]]

According to figure skating historian James R. Hines, jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent".{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=131}} Jumps were viewed as "acrobatic tricks, not as a part of a skater's art"{{Sfn|Hines|2006|p=101}} and "had no place"{{Sfn|Hines|2006|p=131}} in the skating practices in England during the 19th century, although skaters experimented with jumps from the ice during the last 25 years of the 1800s. Hops, or jumps without rotations, were done for safety reasons, to avoid obstacles, such as hats, barrels, and tree logs, on natural ice.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=131–132}}{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=91}} In 1881, ''Spuren Auf Dem Eise'' ("Tracing on the Ice"), "a monumental publication describing the state of skating in Vienna",{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=66}} briefly mentioned jumps, describing three jumps in two pages.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=68}} Jumping on skates was a part of the athletic side of free skating and was considered inappropriate for female skaters.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|pp=91–92}}

Hines says [[free skating]] movements such as [[Figure skating spirals|spirals]], [[Spread eagle (figure skating)|spread eagles]], [[Figure skating spins|spins]], and jumps were originally individual [[compulsory figures]], and sometimes [[special figures]]. For example, Norwegian skater [[Axel Paulsen]], whom Hines calls "progressive",{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=132}} performed the first jump in competition, the [[Axel jump|Axel]], which was named after him, at the first international competition in 1882, as a special figure.{{Sfn|Hines|2006|p=100}} Jumps were also related to their corresponding figure; for example, the [[loop jump]] . Other jumps, such as the Axel and the [[salchow jump|Salchow]], were named after the skaters who invented them.{{Snf|Hines|2006|p=101}}

It was not until the early part of the 20th century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. These jumps became elements in athletic free skating programs, but they were not worth more points than no-revolution jumps and half-jumps. In the 1920s, Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice and refine rotations in the Axel.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=91}} Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed.{{Sfn|Hines|2006|p=5}}

Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s.{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=131}}{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=91}} Athleticism in the sport increased between the world wars, especially by women like Norwegian world and Olympic champion [[Sonia Henie]], who popularized short skirts which allowed female skaters to maneuver and perform jumps. When international competitions were interrupted by World War{{nbs}}II, double jumps by both men and women had become commonplace, and all jumps, except for the Axel, were being doubled.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=92}}{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=xxxii}} According to writer Ellyn Kestnbaum the development of rotational technique required for Axels and double jumps continued,{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=93}} especially in the United States and Czechoslovakia. Post-war skaters, according to Hines, "pushed the envelope of jumping to extremes that skaters of the 1930s would not have thought possible".{{Sfn|Hines|2006|p=102}} For example, world champion [[Felix Kasper]] from Austria was well known for his athletic jumps, which were the longest and highest in the history of figure skating. Hines reported that his Axel measured four feet high and 25 feet from takeoff to landing. Both men and women, including women skaters from Great Britain, were doubling Salchows and loops in their competition programs.{{Sfn|Hines|2006|p=103}}

During the post-war period, American skater [[Dick Button]], who "intentionally tried to bring a greater athleticism to men's skating",{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=93}} performed the first double Axel in competition in 1948 and the first triple jump, a triple loop, in 1952.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=93}} Triple jumps, especially triple Salchows, became more common for male skaters during the 1950s and early 1960s, and female skaters, especially in North America, included a full repertoire of two-revolution jumps. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, men commonly performed triple Salchows and women regularly performed double Axels in competitions. Men would also include more difficult multi-revolution jumps like triple [[Flip jump|flips]], [[lutz jump|Lutzes]], and loops; women included triple Salchows and [[Toe loop jump|toe loops]]. In the 1980s men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples such as the loop jump.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|pp=93–95}} By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi-revolution jumps became more important in figure skating.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=96}} According to Kestnbaum, jumps like the triple Lutz became more important during women's skating competitions.{{Sfn|Kestnbaum|2003|p=138}} The last time a woman won a gold medal at the Olympics without a triple jump was [[Dorothy Hamill]] at the [[Figure skating at the 1976 Winter Olympics|1976 Olympics]].<ref name="dvorameyers">{{Cite web |last=Meyers |first=Dvora |date=3 February 2022 |title=How Quad Jumps Have Changed Women's Figure Skating |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-quad-jump-revolution-has-transformed-womens-figure-skating-how-far-will-it-go/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=FiveThirtyEight |publisher=ABC News |language=en-US |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218210812/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-quad-jump-revolution-has-transformed-womens-figure-skating-how-far-will-it-go/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

Progress in women's single skating in the 2010s is associated with the rapid increase in the technical complexity of programs. [[Alina Zagitova]], representing [[Eteri Tutberidze]]'s team from Russia, claimed victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics with a performance that approached the theoretical limit of a program without triple axels and quadruple jumps. Following this, the next generation of figure skaters, such as [[Rika Kihira]] from Japan and [[Alena Kostornaia]] (Tutberidze team), began setting records by incorporating the triple Axel into their programs. According to sports reporter Dvora Meyers, the "[[Quad (figure skating)|quad revolution]] in women's figure skating" began in 2018, when Kostornaia's teammate [[Alexandra Trusova]] began performing a quadruple Salchow when she was still competing as a junior.<ref name="dvorameyers" /> She became the first female skater to successfully land a quadruple Lutz, a quadruple flip, and a quadruple toe loop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2020/03/19/figure-skating/alexandra-trusova-leads-quad-revolution-debut-senior-season/|title=Alexandra Trusova leads quad revolution in debut senior season|website=The Japan Times|date=19 Mar 2020|access-date=15 October 2023|archive-date=12 Aug 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812032516/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2020/03/19/figure-skating/alexandra-trusova-leads-quad-revolution-debut-senior-season/}}</ref> As of current (February 2025), the International Skating Union continues to enforce its ban on Russian athletes from international competitions due to the ongoing war in Ukraine. Despite this, the ISU's official press (ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2024/25)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.isu.org/press | title=ISU Press }}</ref> <!-- direct link is AD-spam-filter blocked https://isu-d8g8b4b7ece7aphs.a03.azurefd.net/isuproduction/uploads/images/press/mediaaccreditationguides/Figure_Skating_Media_Guide_2024-25.pdf -->acknowledges Russian figure skater [[Adeliia Petrosian]], one more member of Eteri Tutberidze's team, by listing her as the first female skater to land a quadruple loop. However, it clarifies that this accomplishment was achieved in domestic competitions.[[File:Figure skating edges.svg|thumb|150px|Figure skating edges]]

American skater [[Ilia Malinin]] is the first and only person to successfully land a fully rotated quadruple Axel in international competition, a jump widely regarded as the most difficult in figure skating.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carpenter |first=Les |date=2022-09-14 |title=U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad axel in competition |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208062724/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2022/09/14/ilia-malinin-figure-skating-quad-axel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>