Editing Fire hose (section)

==History==
[[File:Feuerwehrmuseum-Kübelspritze.jpg|thumb|A [[stirrup pump]] from the mid-17th century, before the advent of fire hoses]]
Until the mid-19th century, most fires were fought by water transported to the scene in buckets. Original hand pumpers discharged their water through a small pipe or monitor attached to the top of the pump tub.<ref>[[Ewing Matheson|Matheson, Ewing]]. ''Aid book to engineering enterprise abroad.'' London: London New York, E. & F. N. Spon, 1878. Print.</ref> It was not until the late 1860s that hoses became widely available to convey water more easily from the hand pumps, and later steam pumpers, to the fire.<ref name=Fornell>Fornell, David P. Fire Stream Management Handbook. Saddle Brook, N.J: Fire Engineering, 1991. Print.</ref>

In Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic, the Superintendent of the Fire Brigade, [[Jan van der Heyden]], and his son Nicholaas took firefighting to its next step with the fashioning of the first fire hose in 1673.<ref>Sutton, Peter C. Jan van der Heyden 1637–1712. New York: Yale University Press, 2006. Print.</ref> These {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=on}} lengths of leather were sewn together like a boot leg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eriksen |first=Annie |date=2017-08-17 |title=A Brief History of Fire Hose |url=https://rawhidefirehose.com/blog/brief-history-fire-hose/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Rawhide Fire Hose |language=en-US}}</ref> Even with the limitations of pressure, the attachment of the hose to the gooseneck nozzle allowed closer approaches and more accurate water application. Van der Heyden was also credited with an early version of a [[Hard suction hose|suction hose]] using wire to keep it rigid.<ref>Gilbert, Darrell. "History of the Fire Hose." Crown Shop Talk. Web. 19 October 2009. [http://www.crownshoptalk.com/History%20of%20Fire%20Hose.pdf Crownshoptalk.com]</ref> In the United States, the fire hose was introduced in Philadelphia in 1794. This canvas hose proved insufficiently durable, and sewn leather hose was then used. The sewn leather hose tended to burst, so a hose fabricated of leather fastened together with copper rivets and washers was invented by members of [[Philadelphia]]'s Humane Hose Company.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scharf |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYkAAAAYAAJ |title=History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 |last2=Westcott |first2=Thompson |date=1884 |publisher=L. H. Everts & Company |language=en}}</ref>

Around 1890, unlined fire hoses made of circular woven linen yarns began to replace leather hoses. They were certainly much lighter. As the hose fibers, made of flax, became wet, they swelled up and tightened the weave, causing the hose to become watertight. Unlined hoses, because of their lack of durability, were rapidly replaced with rubber hoses in municipal fire service use. They continued to be used on interior hose lines and hose rack until the 1960s to 1980s. In January 1981, the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] revised their standards such that unlined hoses were to no longer be installed for interior hose lines.<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.158 "Standpipe and hose system regulation" 1910.158(c)(3)(ii)]</ref>

Following the invention of the [[vulcanization]] process as a means of curing raw soft rubber into a harder, more useful product, the fire service slowly made the transition from bulky and unreliable leather hose to the unlined linen hose, then to a multi-layer, rubber lined and coated hose with interior fabric reinforcement. This rubber hose was as bulky, heavy, and stiff as a leather hose, but was not prone to leaking. It also proved more durable than unlined linen hose. Its wrapped construction resembled some hoses used today by industry, for example, fuel delivery hoses used to service airliners.<ref name=Fornell/>