Editing Fire ship (section)

==History==
===Ancient era, first uses===
{{See also|Early thermal weapons}}
[[File:武经总要 曾公亮和丁度 宋朝 二 35.jpg|thumb|Chinese fire ships of the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279)]]

The [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyrians]] launched a fire ship that destroyed two [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] [[siege tower]]s and other siege engines at the [[Siege of Tyre (332 BC)]].

During the [[Third Punic War]], [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] fire ships destroyed many [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] vessels and came close to burning the entire Roman fleet at the [[Battle of Lake Tunis]] in 149 BC.

During the [[end of the Han dynasty]], at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] (208 CE) on the [[Yangtze River]], [[Huang Gai]] assaulted [[Cao Cao]]'s naval forces with a fire ship filled with bundles of kindling, dry reeds, and fatty oil.

Fire ships were employed to decisive effect by the [[Vandals]] against the armada sent by the [[Eastern Roman Empire]], in the [[Battle of Cape Bon (468)]].

The invention of [[Greek fire]] in 673 increased the use of fire ships, at first by the Greeks and afterward by other nations as they came into possession of the secret of manufacturing this substance. In 951 and again in 953 [[Russia]]n fleets narrowly escaped destruction by fire ships.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

===Age of fighting sail, refinement===
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Brulot10.jpg|thumb|French fireship at anchorage. Note specialized features including the exit door between the two aftmost gunports; the chain securing an escape boat; an aperture below the exit door to light a [[Fuse (explosives)|fuse]]; and grappling hooks on the yardarms.]]

While fire ships were used in the Medieval period, notably during the [[Crusades]], these were typically ships that were set up with combustibles on an ''ad hoc'' basis. The career of the modern fire ship, as a naval vessel type designed for this particular function and made a permanent addition to a fleet, roughly parallels the era of cannon-armed sailing ships, beginning with the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]] in 1588 and lasting until the Allied victory over the Turks at the [[Battle of Navarino]] in 1827. The first modern fireships were put to use in early 17th century Dutch and Spanish fleet actions during the [[Thirty Years War]]. Their use increased throughout that century, with purpose-built fireships a permanent part of many naval fleets, ready to be deployed whenever necessary. Initially small and often obsolete smaller warships were chosen as fireships but by 1700 fireships were being purpose-built with specific features for their role. Most were adaptations of the usual small warships of the day – [[brig]]s or ship-rigged [[Sloop-of-war|sloops-of-war]] with between 10 and 16 guns. The practical design features of purpose-built fireships included a lattice-work false deck below the planks of the main deck – the planks would be removed and the combustibles and explosives stacked on the lattice, which gave good draught and ensured the fire would hold and spread. A number of square-section [[chimney]]s would be let into the forecastle and quarterdeck to also help ensure a good draught for the fire. The gunports would be hinged at the bottom (rather than the top as on other warships) so that they would be kept open by gravity rather than ropes (which would otherwise burn thorough), further ensuring a good air supply. On the other hand, the lower parts of the masts would be surrounded by 'coffer dams' to ensure that the fire would not bring down the masts prematurely and thus deprive the fireship of motive power. [[Grappling hook]]s would be fitted to the ends of the yardarms so that the fireship would become entangled in its target's rigging. A large sally-port door was let into the rear quarter of the ship (usually the starboard side) to allow easy exit for the crew once the fire had been set and lit. There was often a chain fixed here for mooring the escape boat rather than a rope that may have been damaged by the fire. Because fireships were used relatively rarely and only in specific tactical conditions even in their heyday, and there was always demand for small cruisers and warships, most purpose-built 'fireships' served long careers as ordinary warships without ever being used for their actual purpose. Of the five fireships used in [[Holmes's Bonfire]] of 1666 three had been in service with the Royal Navy for over a decade before being deployed on their final mission.

While only used sparingly during the [[Napoleonic Wars]], fire ships as a distinct class were part of the [[British Royal Navy]] until 1808, at which point the use of permanently designated fire ships attached to British squadrons disappeared.<ref name= Cogg />{{rp|2}} Fire ships continued to be used, sometimes to great effect, such as by the US Navy at the [[Second Battle of Tripoli Harbor|Battle of Tripoli Harbor]] in 1804 and by the British Navy's [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]] at the [[Battle of the Basque Roads]] in 1809, but for the most part they were considered an obsolete weapon by the early 19th century.

Warships of the [[age of sail]] were highly vulnerable to fire. Made of wood, with seams caulked with tar, ropes greased with fat, and stores of gunpowder, there was little that would not burn. Accidental fires destroyed many ships, so fire ships presented a terrifying threat. With the wind in exactly the right direction a fire ship could be cast loose and allowed to drift onto its target, but in most battles fire ships were equipped with skeleton crews to steer the ship to the target (the crew were expected to abandon ship at the last moment and escape in the ship's boat). Fire ships were most devastating against fleets which were at anchor or otherwise restricted in movement. At sea, a well-handled ship could evade a fire ship and disable it with cannon fire. Other tactics were to fire at the ship's boats and other vessels in the vicinity, so that the crew could not escape and therefore might decide not to ignite the ship, or to wait until the fire ship had been abandoned and then tow it aside with small maneuverable vessels such as [[galley]]s.

The role of incendiary vessels changed throughout the age of the modern fire ship. The systematic use of fire ships as part of naval actions peaked around the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]. Whereas just twenty years before a naval fleet might have six to seven fire ships, by the [[Battle of Solebay]] in 1672 both the Dutch and English fleets employed typically between 20 and 30 fire ships, and sometimes more.<ref name= Cogg />{{rp|15}} By this time, however, admirals and captains had become very experienced with the limitations of fire ship attacks and had learned how to avoid them during battle. Great numbers of fire ships were expended during the Third Dutch War without destroying enemy men-of-war, and fire ships had become a way to harass and annoy the enemy, rather than destroy him.<ref name= Cogg />{{rp|16}} The successful use of fire ships at the [[Battle of La Hogue]] and Cherbourg in 1692 marked both the greatest achievement of a fire ship attack since the Spanish Armada, and also the last significant success for fire ships. Though fire ships as a specified class sailed with the British Royal Navy for another century, they would never have a significant impact on a naval victory. Once the most feared weapons in naval arsenals, fire ships had declined in both importance and numbers, so that by the mid-18th century only five to six British fire ships would be at sea at a time, and the Royal Navy attempted only four attacks using modern fire ships between 1697 and 1800.<ref name= Cogg />{{rp|17–18}} Hastily outfitted ad hoc fire ships continued to be used in naval warfare; for example, a large number of fire rafts were used in mostly ineffective attacks on the British fleet by American forces during the American Revolution at Philadelphia, on the Hudson River, and elsewhere. The end of the modern fire ship came in the early 19th century, when the British began to use hastily outfitted fire ships at engagements such as Boulogne and Dunkirk despite the presence of purpose-built fire ships in the fleet. The last modern fire ship in the British Royal Navy was ''Thais'', the only designated fire ship out of the entire navy of 638 warships when she was converted to a ship sloop in 1808.<ref name= Cogg />{{rp|18–19}}

===Use in the Greek War of Independence===
[[File:Fire ship by Volanakis.jpg|thumb|The attack on the Ottoman [[ship of the line]] in the Gulf of Eressos at the Greek island of Lesvos by a fire ship commanded by [[Dimitrios Papanikolis]] during the Greek War of Independence. Painting by [[Konstantinos Volanakis]].]]
[[File:The Burning of the Turkish Flagship by Kanaris - Ivan Aivazovsky, 1881.png|thumb|The [[Burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios|attack on the Ottoman flagship at the Greek island of Chios]] by a fire ship commanded by [[Konstantinos Kanaris]] during the Greek War of Independence. Painting by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]].]]

In the [[Greek War of Independence]], 1821–1832, the extensive use of fire ships by the Greeks allowed them to counterbalance the Turkish naval superiority in terms of ship size and artillery power.<ref>Brewer, David (2003). ''The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation''. Overlook Press. p 93.</ref> As the small fire ships were much more maneuverable than enemy [[ships of the line]], especially in the coasts of the Aegean Sea where the islands, islets, reefs, gulfs and straits restrained big ships from being easily moved, they were a serious danger for the ships of the Turkish fleet. Many naval battles of the Greek war of independence were won by the use of fire ships, notably the [[burning of the Ottoman flagship off Chios]] in June 1822.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Roger C. |title=Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853 |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=487–488 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005292860&view=1up&seq=9}}</ref> The successful use of fireships required the use of the element of surprise (a visible similarity with modern-day naval special operations). It is considered an important landmark in [[:el:Ναυτικό Μουσείο Ελλάδος|Greek naval tradition]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===19th and 20th centuries, obsolescence===
From the beginning of the 19th century, [[Steam engine|steam]] propulsion and the use of iron, rather than wood, in shipbuilding gradually came into use, making fire ships less of a threat.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

During the [[American Civil War]], the [[Confederate States Navy]] occasionally used fire rafts on the [[Mississippi River]]. These were [[flatboats]] loaded with flammable materials such as pine knots and [[rosin]].<ref name="Foote">{{Cite book |last1=Foote |first1=Shelby |title=The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307744678 |page=355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_UB3DZu_RgC&q=fire+raft+civil+war&pg=PA355 |access-date=6 March 2017|language=en|date=2011-01-26 }}</ref> The fire rafts were set alight and either loosed to drift on the river's current towards the enemy (for example at the [[Battle of the Head of Passes]])<ref name="Foote" /> or else pushed against Union ships by tugboats (as at the [[Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip]]).<ref name="Tucker">{{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer |title=A Short History of the Civil War at Sea |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9780842028684 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHZuqCB-cRQC&q=fire+raft+civil+war&pg=PA78 |access-date=6 March 2017 |language=en|year=2002 }}</ref>

During [[World War II]] in September 1940, there was a British sortie codenamed [[Operation Lucid]] to send old [[oil tanker]]s into French ports to destroy barges intended for [[Operation Sealion|the planned invasion of Britain]]; it was abandoned when both tankers broke down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4009-22SEP02.htm|title=Battle of Britain, September 1940 |work=naval-history.net| first= Don |last= Kindell| access-date= December 20, 2023}}</ref> Ships or boats packed with explosives could still be effective. Such a case was [[Operation Chariot]] of 1942, in which the old destroyer {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|6}} was packed with explosives and rammed into the dry dock at [[Saint-Nazaire]], [[France]], to deny its use to the battleship ''[[German battleship Tirpitz|Tirpitz]]'', which could not drydock anywhere else on the French west coast. In the Mediterranean, the [[Regia Marina|Italian Navy]] made good use of high-speed boats filled with explosives, mostly against moored targets. Each boat, called by the Italians [[MT explosive motor boat|MTM (''Motoscafo da Turismo Modificato'')]], carried {{convert|300|kg}} of explosive charge inside its [[bow (ship)|bow]]. Their best-known action was the 1941 [[Sinking of HMS York|assault on Souda Bay]], which resulted in the destruction of cruiser {{HMS|York|90|6}} and the [[Norway|Norwegian]] tanker ''Pericles'', of 8,300 [[tonnage|tons]].<ref>{{cite book| last1= Greene| first1= Jack |last2= Massignani| first2= Alessandro| title= The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943| publisher= Chatham Publishing| place = London| year= 1998| page= 141 |isbn= 1-86176-057-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last= Sadkovich| first= James| title= The Italian Navy in World War II| publisher= Greenwood Press| place= Westport| year= 1994| page= 25 |isbn= 0-313-28797-X}}</ref>

The successful [[USS Cole bombing|attack]] by Yemeni insurgents in a speedboat packed with explosives on the guided missile destroyer {{USS|Cole|DDG-67|6}} in 2000 could be described as an extension of the idea of a fireship. Another explosive ship attack took place in April 2004, during the [[Iraq War]], when three motor craft laden with explosives attempted the bombing of Khawr Al Amaya Oil Terminal in the [[Persian Gulf]]. In an apparent [[suicide bombing]], one blew up and sank a [[rigid inflatable boat]] from {{USS|Firebolt|PC-10|6}} as it pulled up alongside, killing two US Navy personnel and one member of the [[US Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.stripes.com/news/suicide-bombing-attack-claims-first-coast-guardsman-since-vietnam-war-1.19271 |title= Suicide bombing attack claims first Coast Guardsman since Vietnam War| first= Kendra |last= Helmer| work= [[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]| date= 27 April 2004| access-date= December 20, 2023}}</ref>

===21st century, revival with kamikaze USVs===
In October 2022, during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], several kamikaze [[unmanned surface vehicle]]s were used against Russian naval vessels at the [[Sevastopol Naval Base]], with support of [[UAV]]s.

During [[Operation Prosperity Guardian]], [[Houthis]] used several kamikaze [[unmanned surface vehicle]]s to attack ships in the [[Red Sea]].<ref name=navalnews20221030>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Ukraine Strikes With Kamikaze USVs – Russian Bases Are Not Safe Anymore |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/10/analysis-ukraine-strikes-with-kamikaze-usvs-russian-bases-are-not-safe-anymore/ |work=Naval News |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=31 October 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108161028/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/10/analysis-ukraine-strikes-with-kamikaze-usvs-russian-bases-are-not-safe-anymore/ |url-status=live }}</ref>