Editing First Quebec Conference (section)

==Conference==
[[Image:The Quebec Conference, Canada, August 1943 TR1347.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Winston Churchill]], and the [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|Earl of Athlone]]<br>at [[Citadelle of Quebec|La Citadelle]] in [[Quebec City]]]]

Although Churchill suggested that Mackenzie King be involved in all discussions, Roosevelt vetoed the idea owing to concern that future conferences would be burdened by all of the Allied nations demanding seats.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Canadian Army and the Normandy: A Study of Failure in High Command|last = English|first = John A.|publisher = Praeger Publishers|year = 1991|isbn = 978-0275930196|location = London|pages = 31}}</ref> As a result, Mackenzie King's hospitality was almost purely for ceremonial purposes. [[Joseph Stalin]], leader of the [[Soviet Union]], had been invited to join the conference, but he did not attend for military reasons.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The World War II Conferences in Washington, D.C. and Quebec City: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill|last = Dewaters|first = Diane K.|publisher = University of Texas|year = 2008|location = Arlington, Texas|pages = 115}}</ref>

The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] agreed to begin discussions for the planning of the [[Invasion of Normandy|invasion of France]], codenamed [[Operation Overlord]], in a secret report by the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]]. It was agreed that Overlord would commence on May 1, 1944, but this was subsequently disregarded, and a later date was finalised.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-0590-6|location = Toronto|pages = 254}}</ref> However, Overlord was not the only option; for example, [[Operation Jupiter (Norway)|Operation Jupiter]] remained a strong possibility had the Germans proved too powerful on the French coast.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The World War II Conferences in Washington, D.C. and Quebec City: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill|last = Dewaters|first = Diane K.|publisher = University of Texas|year = 2008|location = Arlington, Texas|pages = 120}}</ref> In the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] (a [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]] on which Churchill was very keen) they resolved to concentrate more force to remove [[Italy]] from the alliance of [[Axis powers]] and to occupy it along with [[Corsica]]. Churchill and Roosevelt made it clear that they would only accept unconditional surrender from Italy, with a complete and immediate cessation of fighting.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The World War II Conferences in Washington, D.C. and Quebec City: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill|last = Dewaters|first = Diane K.|publisher = University of Texas|year = 2008|location = Arlington, Texas|pages = 111}}</ref> News came through of the [[Allied invasion of Sicily|fall of Sicily]] to Allied forces, an invasion that had taken just 38 days.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-0590-6|location = Toronto|pages = 256}}</ref> It was then decided that an [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]] would begin on September 3, 1943. However, an [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice was signed that same day]], which officially put Italy out of the war.<ref>{{Cite book|title = History of United States Naval Operations in World War II: Sicily - Salerno - Anzio: January 1943–June 1944|last = Morison|first = Samuel Eliot|publisher = University of Illinois Press|year = 2002|isbn = 0-252-07039-9|location = Champaign, IL|pages = 239}}</ref>

There were discussions about improving the coordination of efforts by the Americans, British, and Canadians to [[Manhattan Project|develop]] an [[atomic bomb]]. Churchill and Roosevelt, without Canadian input, signed the [[Quebec Agreement]], stating that the nuclear technology would never be used against one another, that they would not use it against third parties without the consent of one another, but also that [[Tube Alloys]] would not be discussed with third parties. Canada, although not being represented at the particular meeting, played a key role in this agreement as it was a major source of uranium and heavy water, both essential in the atomic bomb.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-0590-6|location = Toronto|pages = 249–250}}</ref>

It was decided that operations in the [[Balkans]] should be limited to supplying [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], whereas operations against [[Japan]] would be intensified in order to exhaust Japanese resources, cut their communications lines, and secure forward bases from which the Japanese mainland could be attacked.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In addition to the strategic discussions, which were communicated to the Soviet Union and to [[Chiang Kai-shek]] in [[China]], the conference also issued a joint statement on [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], intended to calm tensions as the British [[belligerent occupation|occupation]] was becoming increasingly untenable. The conference also condemned German atrocities in [[Poland]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

In the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|Pacific theater]] the conference decided to bypass and isolate [[Rabaul]] rather than proceed with the original plan of taking Rabaul. This decision fulfilled General [[Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur's]] plan to [[Neutralisation of Rabaul|neutralize]] the heavily fortified fortress of Rabaul in [[New Britain]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Reports of General MacArthur: The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific |volume=I |chapter=Chapter V: Up from Papua |chapter-url=https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch05.htm |lccn=66-60005 |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History}}</ref>  MacArthur's [[Operation Cartwheel]] led to the creation of a de facto prisoner-of-war camp of over 100,000 Japanese troops who were cut off from the rest of their forces.

In parallel with the military discussions, U.S. Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] held a private meeting with British Foreign Secretary [[Anthony Eden]], where both expressed opposition to the forcible dismemberment of Germany, favoring a more restrained postwar settlement.<ref name="hullmemoirs">{{cite book |last=Hull |first=Cordell |title=The Memoirs of Cordell Hull |publisher=Macmillan |year=1948 |volume=II |pages=1593–1594}}</ref>

It was clear that eliminating Italy from the war was the Allies' main priority; this was expected to be done by the end of 1943. Following this, the next hope was that Germany would be defeated by the fall of 1944, which would leave just Japan remaining among the Axis powers.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher= Office, U.S. Secretary, Office of the Combined Chiefs of Staff |title = Quadrant conference, August 1943: Papers and Minutes of Meetings (Digitised 2001)| date = 1943|url = https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/WWII/Quadrant3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128221129/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll8/id/3694 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live |access-date = 16 August 2023|via = Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library |location=Washington, DC }}</ref>

Following the conference, Churchill was on holiday at a fishing camp<ref>{{cite news |date=1943-08-30 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JvouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8dsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4060%2C5066505 |access-date=2013-01-23 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |title=Mr. King Leaves Today for Quebec to Meet Churchill}}</ref> and then, on August 31, 1943, delivered a radio address<ref>{{cite news |date=1943-08-31 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JvouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8dsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3918%2C5496828 |access-date=2013-01-23 |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |agency=CP |title=Text of Premier Churchill's Address}}</ref> before travelling by a special train that was going to Washington, D.C., to resume talks with Roosevelt.<ref>{{cite news |date=1943-09-01 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-bpSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EH0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5446%2C6588624 |access-date=2013-01-23 |agency=UP |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |title=Churchill Urges Parley of Three Allied Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Winston Churchill and Mackenzie King: So Similar, So Different|last = Reardon|first = Terry|publisher = Dundurn Press|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4597-5090-6|location = Toronto|pages = 254}}</ref>