Editing First Red Scare (section)

==Origins==

In reaction to subversive and militant [[Left-wing politics|leftist]] actions in the United States, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]] in 1917, the [[Sedition Act of 1918]], and the [[Immigration Act of 1918]]. The Espionage Act made it a crime to interfere with the operation or success of the military, and the Sedition Act forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the [[Federal government of the United States|United States government]], [[Flag of the United States|flag]], or [[Military of the United States|armed forces of the United States]] during war.<ref>Laws of the United States, ''Espionage Act of 1917'' (Act of June 15, 1917), ch. 30, title I, §3, 40 Stat. 219, amended by Act of May 16, 1918, ch. 75, 40 Stat. 553-54, reenacted by Act of Mar. 3, 1921, ch. 136, 41 Stat. 1359, (codified at 18 U.S.C. §2388); Laws of the United States, ''Sedition Act of 1918'', (1918 Amendments to §3 of The Espionage Act of 1917), Act of May 16, 1918, ch. 75, 40 Stat. 553-54, (repealed by Act of Mar. 3, 1921, ch. 136, 41 Stat. 1359)</ref> The Immigration Act of 1918 targeted anarchists by name and was used to deport [[Emma Goldman]], [[Alexander Berkman]] and [[Luigi Galleani]], among others.<ref>Ann Hagedorn, ''Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), pp. 184–5, 218–22</ref>