Editing Fish and chips (section)

==History==
{{Main|English cuisine}}

The British tradition of eating fish battered and fried in oil may have been introduced to the country by the [[Chuts]], [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] who lived in the Netherlands before settling in the UK. These immigrants arrived as early as the 16th century, the main immigration to London being during the 1850s.<ref name="alexander"/><ref name="Roden 1996">{{cite book|first1=Claudia|last1=Roden|title=The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand to New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIgrAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Knopf|date=1996 |isbn=0-394-53258-9|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hosking|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfP6jHmSLnMC&pg=PT183 |title=Eggs in Cookery:Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2006|date=2007|publisher=Prospect Books|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-903018-54-5|page=183}}<!--|access-date=28 March 2016--></ref><ref name="marks">{{cite book | last = Marks | first = Gil | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux2lGKCKVPYC&pg=PA82 |title = The world of Jewish cooking: more than 500 traditional recipes from Alsace to Yemen | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-684-83559-2}}</ref> They prepared fried fish in a manner similar to ''[[pescado frito]]'', which is coated in [[flour]] then fried in oil.<ref name="marks"/> Fish fried for [[Shabbat]] for dinner on Friday evenings could be eaten cold the following afternoon for [[shalosh seudot]], palatable this way as liquid vegetable oil was used rather than a hard fat, such as butter.<ref name="marks"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Majumdar |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Majumdar |access-date=27 December 2019|title=The Good Companions: The True Story of Fish & Chips|url=https://www.eatmyglobe.com/fish-and-chips|website=Eat My Globe}}</ref> [[Charles Dickens]] mentions "fried fish warehouses" in ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' (1838),<ref name="alexander" /> and in 1845 [[Alexis Soyer]] in his first edition of ''A Shilling Cookery for the People'', gives a recipe for "fried fish, Jewish fashion", which is dipped in a batter mix of flour and water before frying.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chip-Shop Fried Fish |url=https://www.foodsofengland.info/chipshopfriedfish.html   |access-date=17 April 2025 |website=The Foods of England Project}}</ref> However, "fish the Jews' way" in most English cookery books usually refer not to plain fried fish, but to [[escabeche]], fish fried then pickled in vinegar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kirshenblatt-Gimblett |first=Barbara |date=2023-06-22 |title=No, British fish and chips is not a Jewish invention |url=https://forward.com/forverts-in-english/551553/no-british-fish-and-chips-is-not-a-jewish-invention/?fbclid=IwAR2-NSlAQSSCgUednkYy4w69uwhQIP0CI05ZgKdb4TcFXPSKEp-NptRk0MU |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=The Forward |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:BCLM fish+chips.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Fish and chips, served in a paper wrapper ([[greaseproof paper]] inner and ordinary paper outer), as a takeaway]]
The location of the first [[fish and chip shop]] is unclear. The earliest known shops were opened in London during the 1860s by Eastern European Jewish immigrant Joseph Malin,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2003/jan/19/foodanddrink.restaurants|title=Enduring Love |access-date=19 January 2003 | work=[[The Guardian]] | location=London | first=Jay | last=Rayner | date=3 November 2005 | quote=In 1860 a Jewish immigrant from Eastern Europe called Joseph Malin opened the first business in London's East End selling fried fish alongside chipped potatoes which, until then, had been found only in the Irish potato shops.}}</ref> and by John Lees in [[Mossley|Mossley, Lancashire]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10410058/Potted-histories-fish-and-chips.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/10410058/Potted-histories-fish-and-chips.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Potted histories: fish and chips|last=Hyslop|first=Leah|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=30 October 2013|access-date=4 September 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/history--599.htm|title=Federation of Fish Friers - Serving the Fish and Chips Industry - History|website=www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> Fried fish and chips had existed separately for at least 50 years prior to this, so the possibility that they had been combined at an earlier time cannot be ruled out.<ref name="Oxford Companion">{{cite book|first1=Alan|last1=Davidson|title=The Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|publisher=OUP Oxford|date=21 August 2014|isbn=978-0-19-104072-6|via=Google Books}}</ref> Fish and chips became a stock meal among the working class in England as a consequence of the rapid development of [[trawling|trawl fishing]] in the [[North Sea]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p039pr7c?intc_type=promo&intc_location=sport&intc_campaign=fishandchips&intc_linkname=radio4_fac_audioclip1|title=Did fish and chips come from the north of England?|date=30 November 2015 |publisher=BBC Radio 4}}</ref> and the development of railways which connected the ports to major industrial cities during the second half of the 19th century, so that fresh fish could be rapidly transported to the cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niagara.co.uk/fish_and_chips.htm |title=Fish and chips - A great English tradition |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080116221706/http://www.niagara.co.uk/fish_and_chips.htm |archive-date = 16 January 2008}}</ref>

Deep-fried chips (slices or pieces of potato) as a dish may have first appeared in England in about the same period: the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' notes as its earliest usage of "chips" in this sense the mention in Charles Dickens' ''[[A Tale of Two Cities]]'' (1859): "husky chips of potato, fried with some reluctant drops of oil".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/98/98-h/98-h.htm#link2H_4_0002|title=A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16391511|title=The master of the snippet|first=Matthew|last=Davis|work=[[BBC News]] |date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c54xAQAAMAAJ&q=tale+of+two+cities|title=A Tale of Two Cities|first=Charles|last=Dickens|date=24 January 1866|publisher=Chapman and Hall|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The modern fish-and-chip shop ("chippy" in modern British slang) originated in the UK, although outlets selling fried food occurred commonly throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/6126476.stm |title=Chippy smells of chips complaint|work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 November 2006 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref><ref name="Hegarty 2009 17">{{Cite news
 | last=Hegarty | first=Shane | title=How fish and chips enriched a nation | newspaper=The Irish Times | location=Dublin, Ireland
 | date=3 November 2009 | page=17
 | url=http://www.irishtimes.com
 }}</ref> Early fish-and-chip shops had only very basic facilities. Usually these consisted principally of a large cauldron of cooking fat, heated by a coal fire. The fish-and-chip shop later evolved into a fairly standard format, with the food served, in paper wrappings, to queuing customers, over a counter in front of the fryers. According to Professor John Walton, author of ''Fish and Chips and the British Working Class'', the British government made safeguarding supplies of fish and chips during the [[First World War]] a priority: "The cabinet knew it was vital to keep families on the home front in good heart, unlike the German regime that failed to keep its people well fed".<ref name="alexander"/>

[[File:Harry Ramsden's, Marine Parade, Brighton (July 2020).JPG|thumb|[[Harry Ramsden's]] in Brighton, one of its 35 outlets in the UK and Ireland]]
In 1928, [[Harry Ramsden's|Harry Ramsden]] opened his first fish and chip shop in [[Guiseley|Guiseley, West Yorkshire]]. On a single day in 1952, the shop served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning a place in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]''.<ref name="Northern Echo">{{cite news |title=Having a Whaler of a time |url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/opinion/latest/10213308.whaler-time/ |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=Northern Echo|quote = "Fish 'n' chips (the "sixpenny supper") sustained national morale through two world wars, helped turn fishing ports into holiday resorts and made Friday night suppers the culinary highlight of the week for generations. George Orwell reckoned they were essential for keeping the masses happy – and he was right. More than 150 years after Joseph Malin opened his first shop, fish and chips are a British institution."}}</ref> In [[George Orwell]]'s ''[[The Road to Wigan Pier]]'' (1937), which documents his experience of working-class life in the [[North of England]], the author considered fish and chips chief among the 'home comforts' which acted as a panacea to the working classes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dewey|first=Peter |date=2014|title=War and Progress: Britain 1914–1945|page= 325|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-582-04586-6}}</ref>

During the [[Second World War]], fish and chips—a staple of the working class—remained one of the few foods in the United Kingdom [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|not subject to rationing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rls.org.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-001-467-L |title=Resources for Learning, Scotland: Rationing |publisher=Rls.org.uk |date=5 January 1998 |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] referred to the combination of fish and chips as "the good companions".<ref name="alexander"/>

British fish and chips were originally served in a wrapping of old newspapers but this practice has now largely ceased, with plain paper, cardboard, or plastic being used instead. In the UK, the Fish Labelling Regulations 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20030461.htm|publisher=The Stationery Office|year=2003|access-date=4 April 2009|title=Fish Labelling Regulations (England) 2003}} (equivalent similarly-named legislation applies in other countries of the UK)</ref> and in the Republic of Ireland the European Communities (Labelling of Fishery and Aquaculture Products) Regulations 2003,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/S.I_No_320_of_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705023219/http://www.fsai.ie/uploadedFiles/S.I_No_320_of_2003.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |url-status=live |title=European Communities (Fish Labelling) Regulations, 2003 |access-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> respectively enact directive 2065/2001/EC, and generally mean that "fish" must be sold with the particular commercial name or species named; so, for example, "cod and chips" now appears on menus rather than the more vague "fish and chips". In the UK the [[Food Standards Agency]] guidance excludes [[caterer]]s from this;<ref>{{Cite web
 |url=http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fish_lab_reg2003gn.pdf 
 |year=2003 
 |access-date=4 April 2009 |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information]] 
 |title=Guidance Notes for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019221532/http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fish_lab_reg2003gn.pdf 
 |archive-date=19 October 2010 }} (Section A.2)</ref> but several local Trading Standards authorities and others do say it cannot be sold merely as "fish and chips".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9DA031F1-E2EA-4198-8CC6-23644A89D6B1/0/FOODLABELLINGFORCATERINGESTABLISHMENTS.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716141422/http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/9DA031F1-E2EA-4198-8CC6-23644A89D6B1/0/FOODLABELLINGFORCATERINGESTABLISHMENTS.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live
|publisher=Blackpool Council|title=Food Labelling For Catering Establishments|access-date=4 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norfolk.gov.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/general_resources/NCC048357.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803162106/http://www.norfolk.gov.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/general_resources/NCC048357.pdf |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2009|title=Business Advice Fact Sheet|publisher=Norfolk County Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncass.org.uk/default.aspx?id=1039|publisher=Nationwide Caterers Association|access-date=4 April 2009|title=Labelling & Pricing}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Fish and chips.jpg|thumb|Fish and chips on the seafront at [[Hunstanton]], Norfolk. In the UK, fish and chips are particularly associated with [[seaside resort]]s.<ref name="Northern Echo"/>]]
[[File:The Rock & Sole Plaice.jpg|thumb|The Rock & Sole Plaice fish and chip shop in London, opened in 1871]]
A prominent meal in British culture, fish and chips became popular in wider circles in London and South East England in the middle of the 19th century: [[Charles Dickens]] mentions a "fried fish warehouse" in ''[[Oliver Twist]]'', first published in 1838, while in the north of England a trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes developed.<ref name="BBC History"/> It remains unclear exactly when and where these two trades combined to become the modern [[fish and chip shop]] industry. A Jewish immigrant, Joseph Malin, opened the first recorded combined fish-and-chip shop in [[Bow, London|Bow]], East London, circa 1860; a Mr Lees pioneered the concept in the North of England, in [[Mossley]], in 1863.<ref name="BBC History">{{cite news |title=Chipping away at the history of fish and chips |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20130409-chipping-away-at-the-history-of-fish-and-chips |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Historic uk - the heritage accommodation guide |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/FishandChips.htm |title=Tradition Historic UK, Fish and Chips |publisher=Historic-uk.com |access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> A century later, the [[National Federation of Fish Friers]], which made Malin's its first member, presented a plaque to Malin's as being the world's first fish and chip shop.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fish & chips: Drinks & dishes you might not have realised were invented in London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/galleries/drinks-and-dishes-invented-in-london/fish-and-chips/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |work=The Telegraph|quote=It was, the Federation declared, one Joseph Malin, a Jewish émigré of Cleveland Way, Whitechapel, who opened the first chippie around 1860.}}</ref> A [[blue plaque]] is located at the other main contender for the first fish and chip shop, the present site of [[Oldham]]'s Tommyfield Market.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaloner|first1=W. H.|last2=Henderson|first2=W. O.|title=Industry and Innovation: Selected Essays|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1990|isbn=0-7146-3335-6}}</ref> Located in [[Covent Garden]], The Rock & Sole Plaice, dating from 1871, is London's oldest fish and chip shop still in operation.<ref name="BBC History"/> 

The concept of a sit-down fish restaurant—as opposed to takeaway—was introduced by Samuel Isaacs, an entrepreneur from [[Whitechapel]], East London who ran a thriving wholesale and retail fish business.<ref name="Isaacs"/> Dubbed the 'Fish Restaurant King', Isaacs' first restaurant opened in [[Lambeth]], South London in 1896 serving fish and chips, bread and butter, and tea for nine pence.<ref>England Eats Out by John Burnett - Published by Pearson Education, 2004 {{ISBN|0-582-47266-0}}</ref> It became instantly popular and led to a [[Chain store|chain]] which comprised 22 restaurants.<ref name="Isaacs"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=John K. |title=Fish and Chips, and the British Working Class, 1870-1940 |date=24 July 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |page=34 |isbn=0-7185-2120-X}}</ref> Isaacs' trademark was the phrase "This is the [[Plaice]]", combined with a picture of the punned-upon fish in question, which appeared in all of his restaurants.<ref name="Isaacs">{{cite book |last1=Jolles |first1=Michael A. |last2=Rubinstein |first2=W. |title=The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History |date=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-30466-6 |pages=457}}</ref> Isaacs' restaurants were carpeted, had table service, tablecloths, flowers, china and cutlery, and made the trappings of upmarket dining affordable to the working classes. They were located in [[Strand, London|the Strand]] and other London locations, as well as Brighton, [[Ramsgate]], [[Margate]] and other seaside resorts in southern England.<ref name="Isaacs"/> Menus were expanded in the early 20th century to include meat dishes and other variations. A glimpse of the old Brighton restaurant at No.1 Marine Parade can be seen in the background of [[Norman Wisdom]]'s 1955 film ''[[One Good Turn (1955 film)|One Good Turn]]'' just as Pitkin runs onto the seafront; this is now the site of a [[Harry Ramsden's]] fish and chips restaurant. 

From their first appearance on the British [[High Street]] in the early 1860s, fish and chip shops spread rapidly in order to satisfy the needs of the growing industrial population.<ref>{{cite news |title=The History of Fish and Chips |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Fish-Chips/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608152727/https://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Fish-Chips/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, a figure that grew to over 35,000 shops by the 1930s.<ref name="alexander" /> Since then the trend has reversed, and in 2009 there were approximately 10,000 shops.<ref name="alexander" />

==== Scotland ====
[[Dundee]] City Council claims that chips were first sold by a Belgian immigrant, Edward De Gernier, in the city's Greenmarket in the 1870s.<ref name=dundee>{{cite web|title=Dundee Fact File |publisher=Dundee City Council |url=http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/departments/fact.htm |access-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408055244/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/departments/fact.htm |archive-date=8 April 2007 }}</ref> In [[Edinburgh]] and the surrounding area, a combination of Gold Star [[brown sauce]] and water or malt vinegar, known as "sauce", or more specifically as "chippy sauce", has great popularity;<ref name="FFF">{{cite web |url=http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/81.htm |title=Did You Know? |publisher=Federation of Fish Friers |access-date=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923220940/http://www.federationoffishfriers.co.uk/pages/81.htm |archive-date=23 September 2008 }}</ref> [[salt and vinegar]] is preferred elsewhere in Scotland.<ref name="Independent 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/scotlands-sauce-wars-charge-for-ketchup-in-edinburgh-leaves-customer-from-glasgow-with-chip-on-8786768.html |title=Scotland's sauce wars: Charge for ketchup in Edinburgh leaves customer from Glasgow with chip on shoulder |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=27 August 2013 |access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Daily Record 2012">{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/glasgow-chippies-get-ready-for-the-salt-and-sauce-1119494.amp|title=Glasgow chippies get ready for the 'salt and sauce' Scottish Cup Final|newspaper=Daily Record |date=18 April 2012|access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Edinburgh News 2013">{{cite news|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/salt-n-sauce-capital-chippy-sauce-export-bid-1-2880928/amp |title=Salt 'n' sauce? Capital chippy sauce export bid|newspaper=Edinburgh Evening News|date=6 April 2013|access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Radio Times 2015">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2015-06-18/karen-gillan-wants-scottish-chip-sauce-so-what-is-it/amp/|title=Karen Gillan wants Scottish chip sauce – so, what is it? |magazine=[[Radio Times]] |date=18 June 2015|access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref>

==== Fish & Chips Awards ====
The annual National Fish & Chips Awards were set up in the UK in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seafish.org/promoting-seafood/the-national-fish-chip-awards/|title=The National Fish & Chips Awards|access-date=23 February 2022}}</ref> The 30th Annual Fish & Chips Awards ceremony was attended by Norwegian ambassador to the UK Mona Juul.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/chip-chip-hooray-the-national-fish-chip-awards-named-the-uks-best-chippy/|title=Chip Chip Hooray! The National Fish & Chip Awards Names The UK's Best Chippy|publisher=Ikon London Magazine| last2 = Alvarez | first2 = Joe| last1 = A Orlova | first1 = Tamara| date=25 January 2018|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|Australian cuisine}}
[[File:Australian Hotel, St George, Queensland, 2021, 03.jpg|thumb|right|Fish and chips at the Australian Hotel, St George, Queensland]]
The first recorded owner of an Australian fish and chip shop is Greek migrant Athanasias Comino, who opened his shop in 1879 on Sydney's Oxford Street, though Comino's shop was inspired by an unknown Welshman's pre-existing fish and chip shop.<ref name="aus-frdc">{{cite web |title=The History of Fish and Chips |url=http://fishandchipsawards.com.au/Information/The-History-of-Fish-and-Chips |website=Australian Fish and Chips Awards |publisher=[[Fisheries Research and Development Corporation]] |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731155148/http://fishandchipsawards.com.au/Information/The-History-of-Fish-and-Chips |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Australia today, there are an estimated 4000 fish and chip shops, as well as fish and chips being an essential menu offering in many [[Australian pubs]] and restaurants.<ref name="aus-frdc" />

===Canada===
{{Main|Canadian cuisine}}
Fish and chips is a widely popular dish in Canada, sometimes using [[haddock]] or local lake-caught fish like [[perch]] or [[walleye]]. Most shops also sell [[poutine]] and other fried items. In the province of [[Newfoundland & Labrador]], fish and chips made with cod are a staple food and the most common takeout meal.

===Ireland===
{{Main|Irish cuisine}}
In Ireland, the first fish and chips were sold by an Italian immigrant, Giuseppe Cervi, who mistakenly stepped off a North America-bound ship at Queenstown (now [[Cobh]]) in [[County Cork]] in the 1880s and walked all the way to [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/food-drink/national-fish-and-chips-day-thank-cod-for-giuseppe-2656484.html |title=National Fish and Chips Day: Thank cod for Giuseppe |work=Irish Independent |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703065529/http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/food-drink/national-fish-and-chips-day-thank-cod-for-giuseppe-2656484.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He started by selling fish and chips outside Dublin pubs from a handcart. He then found a permanent spot in Great Brunswick Street (now [[Pearse Street]]). His wife Palma would ask customers "Uno di questa, uno di quella?" This phrase (meaning "one of this, one of that") entered the [[vernacular]] in Dublin as "one and one", which is still a way of referring to fish and chips in the city.<ref name="Hegarty 2009 17"/>

===New Zealand===
{{Main|New Zealand cuisine}}
Fish and chips is the most popular takeaway food in New Zealand. Food historians have not been able to pinpoint exactly when the meal became an established part of New Zealand cuisine, but all recognise that the first fish and chips shops were introduced by British settlers before [[World War I]].<ref name="Wassilieff">{{cite web|last1=Wassilieff|first1=Maggy|title=Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/seafood/page-2|publisher=[[Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=15 December 2017|date=12 June 2006}}</ref> During the 20th century, nearly every small town and suburb in New Zealand had at least one fish-and-chip shop. As in Britain, Friday night has been the traditional night to eat fish.<ref name="Wassilieff"/>

Traditionally, fish and chips were served in wrappings of greaseproof paper and then newspaper as insulation. With the decline of the newspaper industry, this has become less common although plain, unprinted paper is still popular.

In 1980, four up-and-coming [[New Zealand Labour Party]] politicians, including [[David Lange]], were nicknamed the "[[Fish and Chip Brigade]]" due to a picture published at the time with the group eating fish and chips.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seafood - Favourite Kiwi fare: The Fish and Chip Brigade|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/5099/the-fish-and-chip-brigade|publisher=[[Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref>

===United States===
{{Main|American cuisine}}
In the United States, the dish is most commonly sold as ''fish and chips'', except in [[Upstate New York]] and [[Wisconsin]] and other parts of the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] and [[Upper Midwest]], where this dish would be called a ''[[fish fry]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shore Lunch: More Than the World's Finest Fish and Chips – New West|url=https://newwest.net/topic/article/shore_lunch_more_than_the_worlds_finest_fish_and_chips/C41/L41/|website=newwest.net|publisher=New West Publications|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> While in the United States ''chips'' refers to [[potato chips]] ("crisps" in British English), the dish retains its native name.<ref name="Independent"/> In the [[Southern United States]], a common form of cuisine is fried [[catfish]] with French fries, accompanied by [[coleslaw]], pickles, raw onion slices and lemon slices.

===Other countries===
The western Norwegian town of [[Kristiansund (town)|Kristiansund]] has had a tradition with fish and chips as street food since the 1940s. It is known locally as ''fishan''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kristiansund |url=https://www.visitnorway.com/places-to-go/fjord-norway/northwest/kristiansund/ |access-date=2 September 2023 |agency=Visit Norway}}</ref>