Editing Fish hook (section)

==History==
[[File:NIE 1905 Fishing - primeval stone and bronze gorges.jpg|thumb|Primeval stone and bronze gorges]]
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 | caption1  = [[Stone Age]] fish hook made from bone
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 | caption2  = Traditional bone fishing hook of the New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]]
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[[File:Hook (AM 1939.232-7).jpg|thumb|Native American shell fish hook from California. [[Auckland Museum]]]]
The fish hook or similar angling device has been made by humans for many thousands of years. The earliest prehistoric tackle is known as a '''gorge''', which consisted of a double-pointed stick with a thin rope tied to the middle. When angling, the gorge is laid parallel to the line and buried inside a bait ball, which can be swallowed easily by the fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fishing-recreation#ref70262|title=Fishing - Early history|first=Terence B.|last=Thomas|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> Once inside the fish's mouth, the bait ball often softens and gets fragmented by the [[pharyngeal teeth]], and any pulling along the line will cause the freed-up gorge to rotate transversely and get stuck across the fish's [[gullet]], similar to how a [[fish bone]] or chicken bone may [[foreign body in alimentary tract|pierce and obstruct a man's esophagus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fieldandstream.com/blogs/field-notes/survival-fishing-how-to-make-a-gorge-hook/|title=Survival Fishing: How to Make a Gorge Hook|first=Reid|last=Bryant|date=2016-07-28|publisher=[[Field and Stream]]|accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> They performed similar anchoring functions to hooks, but needed ''both'' ends to claw firmly into the fish's gullet to work properly.

The world's oldest fish hooks (made from [[sea snail]] shells) were discovered in Sakitari Cave in [[Okinawa Island]] dated between 22,380 and 22,770 years old.<ref name="Price2016">{{cite news|author=Michael Price|title=World's oldest fish hook found on Okinawa|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-oldest-fishhook-found-okinawa|date=16 September 2016|publisher=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37402183|title=World's oldest fish hooks found in Japanese island cave|work=BBC News|date=18 September 2016|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref> They are older than the fish hooks from the [[Jerimalai]] cave in [[East Timor]] dated between 23,000 and 16,000 years old,<ref name="fishing">{{cite journal|last1=O’Connor|first1=Sue|last2=Ono|first2=Rintaro|last3=Clarkson|first3=Chris|title=Pelagic Fishing at 42,000 Years Before the Present and the Maritime Skills of Modern Humans|journal=Science|date=25 November 2011|volume=334|issue=6059|pages=1117–1121|doi=10.1126/science.1207703|pmid=22116883|bibcode=2011Sci...334.1117O|language=en|issn=0036-8075|hdl=1885/35424|s2cid=20791703|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and New Ireland in Papua New Guinea dated 20,000 to 18,000 years old.<ref name="Price2016"/>

The earliest fish hooks in the Americas, dating from about 11,000 [[Before Present|B.P.]], have been reported from [[Cedros Island]] on the west coast of [[Mexico]]. These fish hooks were made from sea shells.<ref name="Des LauriersDavis2017">{{cite journal|last1=Des Lauriers|first1=Matthew R.|title=The Earliest Shell Fishhooks from the Americas Reveal Fishing Technology of Pleistocene Maritime Foragers|last2=Davis|first2=Loren G.|last3=Turnbull|first3=J.|last4=Southon|first4=John R.|last5=Taylor|first5=R. E.|journal=American Antiquity |volume=82 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=498–516|issn=0002-7316|doi=10.1017/aaq.2017.13|s2cid=165030382}}</ref> Shells provided a common material for fish hooks found in several parts of the world, with the shapes of prehistoric shell fish hook specimens occasionally being compared to determine if they provide information about the migration of people into the Americas.<ref>Terry L Jones, Jennifer E Perry, eds., ''Contemporary Issues in California Archaeology'' (2012), p. 218.</ref>

An early written reference to a fish hook is found with reference to the [[Leviathan]] in the [[Book of Job]] 41:1; ''Canst thou draw out leviathan with a hook?'' Fish hooks have been crafted from all sorts of materials including wood, animal<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18502 C.Michael Hogan (2008) ''Morro Creek'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham]<!--Cite to be entered from Texas Archeological Society newsletter of winter 2010, re article by Solvig Turpin concerning prehistoric fish hooks recovered from archeological sites in Texas--></ref> and human bone, horn, shells, stone, bronze, iron, and up to present day materials. In many cases, hooks were created from multiple materials to leverage the strength and positive characteristics of each material. [[Norwegian people|Norwegians]] as late as the 1950s still used [[juniper]] wood to craft [[Burbot]] hooks.<ref name="Mustad">{{cite web|url=http://mustad-fishing.com/am/about-hooks-2/hook-history/|title=Mustad - Defining fishing hooks since 1877|access-date=23 April 2017|website=Mustad Fishing|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521233551/http://mustad-fishing.com/am/about-hooks-2/hook-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Quality steel hooks began to make their appearance in Europe in the 17th century and hook making became a task for specialists.<ref name="Mustad" /><ref name="fishing hook, egypt">The Bridgeman Art Library</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2021}}