Editing Floriculture (section)

== Overview ==
Flowers are an important part of human society that are often used at times of joy and sadness, and as a part of everyday life. Flowers and plants may be indoors in a sunny window, as part of the landscape in the front yard or on the patio or deck in the back yard. People have been studying flowers and plants and their interaction with humans and how to produce these flowers and plants so all humans can enjoy them. Floriculture scientists throughout the world to do this work.

Floriculture [[crops]] include [[cut flower]]s<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armitage |first=Allan M |title=Specialty cut flowers. The production of annuals, perennials, bulbs and woody plants for fresh and dried cut flowers. |publisher=cabdirect.org |year=1993}}</ref> and [[Cut flowers|cut cultivated greens]], [[bedding plants]] (garden flowers or [[Bedding (horticulture)|annuals]], and [[Herbaceous border|perennials]], [[houseplant]]s ([[Houseplant|foliage plants]] and [[Houseplant|flowering potted plants]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dole |first1=John M |title=Floriculture: Principles and Species |last2=Wilkins |first2=Harold F. |publisher=Pearson. |year=2004 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Larson |first=Roy A |title=Introduction to Floriculture |publisher=Elsevier Science |year=2013 |location=United States}}</ref> These plants are produced in ground beds, flower fields or in [[Container garden|containers]] in a greenhouse. Protected cultivation is often used because these plants have a high value to humans.

Flower crops are grown in simple to highly sophisticated ways. These crops can be grown in soil in farm fields or in field soil in inexpensive [[Polytunnel|high tunnel]] greenhouses.<ref>H. Chris Wien. Floral Crop Production in High Tunnels. HortTechnology Jan 2009 19(1): 56-60  {{doi|10.21273/HORTSCI.19.1.56}}</ref> For years, flowers were grown, seasonally for the specific crop, close to the market in Europe, North America and Asia. However, many crops of the [[floral industry]] have moved to a specific climate, typically in the mountains of South America, Africa and China, so certain plants can be grown year around<ref>Van Rijswick C. World floriculture map 2015. Gearing Up for Stronger Competition, Rabobank Industry Note. 2015 Jan(475).</ref> where hand labor is available.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harisha |first=BN |date=Oct 2017 |title=An economic analysis of floriculture in India. |journal=In Proceedings of the Sixth Middle East Conference on Global Business, Economics, Finance and Banking (ME17Dubai Conference) |pages=6–8}}</ref>

Protected horticulture (greenhouses) has developed simultaneously with the continued changes in the flower crops and markets. Floriculture is a major component of [[controlled-environment agriculture]] (CEA). Floriculture crops have a high value to humans, so the cost of an expensive production system - [[greenhouse]]s,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hanan |first=Joe J |title=Greenhouses: Advanced Technology for Protected Horticulture. |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hanan |first1=J.J |title=Greenhouse Management |last2=Holley |first2=W.D. |last3=Goldsberry |first3=K.L. |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |year=1978 |series=[[Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences]] |number=5}}</ref><ref name=":1">Chris Beytes (Editor). 2021. Ball RedBook: Greenhouse Structures, Equipment, and Technology 19th Edition. Ball Publishing.</ref> automated environmental control, automated [[irrigation]] and [[Fertilizer|fertilization]], robotic seed, transplant and container handling, supplemental photosynthetic lighting - is necessary to produce these plants efficiently for the world-wide markets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khair Rabiya |first1=Ummul |title=Modern Innovations and Sustainability in Floriculture: Trends, Technologies, and Practices |journal=Journal of Diversity Studies |date=2024 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.51470/JOD.2024.03.02.01 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some are irrigated manually, but most are irrigated with [[drip irrigation]], boom irrigation or [[Ebb and flow hydroponics|flood floors]]. [[Hydroponics]] can be used for many cut flower crops.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />