Editing Flow cytometry (section)

== History ==
{{For|more historic details|cytometry}}

The first [[Electrical impedance|impedance]]-based flow cytometry device, using the [[Coulter principle]], was disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,656,508, issued in 1953, to [[Wallace H. Coulter]]. Mack Fulwyler was the inventor of the forerunner to today's flow cytometers – particularly the cell sorter.<ref>{{Ref patent|country=US|number=3380584|title=Particle Separator|gdate=1965-06-01|invent1=Mack Fulwyler}}</ref> Fulwyler developed this in 1965 with his publication in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''.<ref name=Science1965>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fulwyler MJ | title = Electronic separation of biological cells by volume | journal = Science | volume = 150 | issue = 3698 | pages = 910–1 | date = November 1965 | pmid = 5891056 | doi = 10.1126/science.150.3698.910 | s2cid = 459342 | bibcode = 1965Sci...150..910F }}</ref> The first fluorescence-based flow cytometry device (ICP 11) was developed in 1968 by Wolfgang Göhde from the [[University of Münster]], filed for patent on 18 December 1968<ref>{{cite patent | country = DE | number = 1815352 | title = Flow-through Chamber for Photometers to Measure and Count Particles in a Dispersion Medium | pubdate = 1977-12-21 | inventor = Dittrich W, Göhde W }}</ref> and first commercialized in 1968/69 by German developer and manufacturer Partec through Phywe AG in [[Göttingen]]. At that time, [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]] methods were still widely favored by other scientists over [[fluorescence]] methods.<ref>{{cite conference|book-title=Proceedings of Second Tenovus Symposium|conference=24–25 October 1968 | vauthors = Osborn RA |s2cid=58286041 |title= Cytology Automation |date=1970 |veditors = Evans DM |publication-date=1971|publisher=E. & S. Livingstone|location=Edinburgh and London|doi=10.1016/S0031-3025(16)39506-X}}<br />{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamentsky LA | title = Cytology automation | journal = Advances in Biological and Medical Physics | volume = 14 | pages = 93–161 | date = 1973 | pmid = 4579761 | doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-005214-1.50007-8 | isbn = 9780120052141 }}</ref> Soon after, flow cytometry instruments were developed, including the Cytofluorograph (1971) from Bio/Physics Systems Inc. (later: Ortho Diagnostics), the PAS 8000 (1973) from Partec, the first FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) instrument from [[Becton Dickinson]] (1974), the ICP 22 (1975) from Partec/Phywe and the Epics from [[Coulter Corporation|Coulter]] (1977/78). The first label-free high-frequency [[Impedance flow cytometry|impedance flow cytometer]] based on a patented microfluidic "lab-on-chip", Ampha Z30, was introduced by Amphasys (2012).{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===Name of the technology===
The original name of the fluorescence-based flow cytometry technology was "pulse cytophotometry" ([[German language|German]]: ''Impulszytophotometrie''), based on the first patent application on fluorescence-based flow cytometry. At the 5th American Engineering Foundation Conference on Automated Cytology in Pensacola (Florida) in 1976 – eight years after the introduction of the first fluorescence-based flow cytometer (1968) – it was agreed to commonly use the name "flow cytometry", a term that quickly became popular.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Sack U, Tárnok A, Rothe G |title=Zelluläre Diagnostik | trans-title = Cellular Diagnostics | language = German |publisher=Karger Publishers | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-318-01217-0 }}</ref>