Editing Flow measurement (section)

==Kinds and units of measurement==
Both gas and liquid flow can be measured in [[quantity (physics)|physical quantities]] of [[Kind of quantity|kind]] [[volumetric flow rate]] or [[mass flow rate]]s, with respective [[SI]] [[units (physics)|units]] such as cubic meters per second or kilograms per second, respectively. These measurements are related by the material's [[density]]. The density of a liquid is almost independent of conditions. This is not the case for gases, the densities of which depend greatly upon pressure, temperature and to a lesser extent, composition.

When gases or liquids are transferred for their energy content, as in the sale of [[natural gas]], the flow rate may also be expressed in terms of energy flow, such as gigajoule per hour or BTU per day. The energy flow rate is the volumetric flow rate multiplied by the energy content per unit volume or mass flow rate multiplied by the energy content per unit mass. Energy flow rate is usually derived from mass or volumetric flow rate by the use of a [[flow computer]].

In engineering contexts, the [[volume]]tric flow rate is usually given the symbol <math>Q</math>, and the [[mass]] flow rate, the symbol <math> \dot m</math>.

For a fluid having density <math> \rho </math>, mass and volumetric flow rates may be related by <math> \dot m = \rho Q </math>.

===Gas===
Gases are compressible and change volume when placed under pressure, are heated or are cooled. A volume of gas under one set of pressure and temperature conditions is not equivalent to the same gas under different conditions. References will be made to "actual" flow rate through a meter and "standard" or "base" flow rate through a meter with units such as ''acm/h'' (actual cubic meters per hour), ''sm<sup>3</sup>/sec'' (standard cubic meters per second), ''kscm/h'' (thousand standard cubic meters per hour), ''LFM'' (linear feet per minute), or ''MMSCFD'' (million standard cubic feet per day).

Gas ''mass'' flow rate can be directly measured, independent of pressure and temperature effects, with [[ultrasonic flow meter]]s, [[thermal mass flow meter|thermal mass flowmeters]], Coriolis [[mass flow meter|mass flowmeters]], or [[mass flow controller]]s.

===Liquid===
For liquids, various units are used depending upon the application and industry, but might include gallons (U.S. or imperial) per minute, liters per second, liters per m<sup>2</sup> per hour, [[bushel]]s per minute or, when describing river flows, cumecs (cubic meters per second) or acre-feet per day. In oceanography a common unit to measure volume transport (volume of water transported by a current for example) is a [[sverdrup]] (Sv) equivalent to 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;m<sup>3</sup>/s.