Editing Flying wedge (section)

== Military tactics ==

=== Antiquity ===
==== Greeks and Romans ====
[[File:Wedge-Formation-advantage.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Tactical principles of the Flying Wedge]]
The wedge (ἔμβολον, ''embolon'' in [[Greek language|Greek]]; ''cuneus'' in [[Latin]], colloquially also ''caput porcinum'', "[[boar]]'s head"), was used by both infantry and cavalry. The men deployed in a triangular or trapezoid formation with the tip leading the way. According to [[Arrian]] and [[Asclepiodotus (philosopher)|Asclepiodotus]], the wedge was first used by the [[Scythians]], and then the [[Thracians]]. [[Philip II of Macedon]] adopted it from them as the main formation of his [[Companion cavalry]] and Alexander the Great faced Persian cavalry arrayed thus, as Arrian attests.  The advantage of the wedge was that it offered a narrow point for piercing enemy formations and concentrated the leaders at the front. It was easier to turn than a square formation because everyone followed the leader at the apex, "like a flight of cranes".<ref>Lendon, J.E. (2006) ''Soldiers and Ghosts: A History of Battle in Classical Antiquity,'' Yale University Press, p. 98.</ref>

As an infantry formation it is attested by [[Frontinus]] to have been used by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] in [[Pydna]] against the [[Macedon]]ian line of [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]].<ref>Frontinus, Stratagems, II.iii.20</ref> It was also used to great effect by the [[Roman legion]]s, with the wedge proving effective in campaigns in Britain, such as during [[Boudicca's Revolt]], where a greatly outnumbered Roman army used it to defeat the [[Iceni]].

==== Scandinavian and Germanic ====
{{main|Svinfylking}}
''Keilerkopf'' or ''Keil'' (wild boar's head, wedge, Latin: ''cuneus'', meaning throng<ref name="Germanic warriordom">[http://www.zeno.org/Geschichte/M/Delbrück,+Hans/Geschichte+der+Kriegskunst/2.+Teil.+Die+Germanen/1.+Buch.+Der+Kampf+der+Römer+und+Germanen/2.+Kapitel.+Das+germanische+Kriegertum The Germanic warriordom (German)] [[Hans Delbrück]], 1920, History of warfare in the framework of political history, Part 2 The Teutons, Book 1 The struggle of the Romans and Teutons, Chapter 2 The Germanic warriordom&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-8371-8163-1}}</ref>) is a German phrase to describe the attack formation ("Tactical body") of the prehistoric infantry of the [[Celts]] and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]]. It is generally believed that the Germanic tribes were more successful with this tactic than the Celts. It was used to force the Roman forces to split and was later applied specifically to the weakest units.

Due to the high discipline this formation required and the relatively high probability of failure, it is assumed that the front lines were filled with the best and most heavily armoured warriors of the Germanic [[sibb]]s who had to break the Roman front line.

Here the individual warrior tried to gain [[Celebrity|fame]] and glory in the battle. The most distinguished princes and their acolytes stood at the head of the ''Keil''. However, this was also the most dangerous point, whence the need to be heavily armoured. But an army leader who survived a lost battle often forfeited his life (usually suicide). Warriors who had fled were hanged or slain.

According to the Roman historian [[Tacitus]], the ''Keil'' was a tightly packed crowd, strong on all sides, not only in front and back, but also on the flanks.<ref>Tacitus, [[s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 4#20|Hist. IV, 20]]</ref> The formation was not like a wedge but more like a [[rectangle]] with forty warriors in the first line and 1,600 men strong. In this formation, the wingmen are at most risk. It was therefore well possible that the wing marched with some caution and held back a bit, so that the center stormed further and looked like a wedge. The outer ranks of the rear on the other hand swelled slightly. The goal was to hit hard at the same time and to drive a 40 yard wide hole into the enemy line, according to the German historian [[Hans Delbrück]].<ref name="Germanic warriordom" />

According to [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]], the central body consisted of heavily armed, [[warrior]]s protecting less-armored [[archery|archer]]s to the sides. The triangular formation was used to overwhelm an enemy with a frontal assault. Family groups and tribes were placed side-by-side in units to maintain its cohesion in battle.<ref name=tacitus98/><ref name=burton1987>{{cite book|author=Richard F. Burton|title=Book of the sword|publisher=Dover Publications; Revised ed. edition|year=1987|chapter=CHAPTER XIII. THE SWORD AMONGST THE BARBARIANS (EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE)|isbn=0486254348|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsword00burt|url-access=registration}}</ref> The tactic was a formidable assault strategy against defenders in line or column, however, attackers faced annihilation in the event of retreat because the wedge became an ill-defined mob if its forward momentum collapsed.<ref name=burton1987/><ref name=tacitus98>"Quodque præcipuum fortitudinis incitamentum est, non casus, nec fortuita conglobatio turmam aut cuneum facit, sed familiæ et propinquitates" - ''Tacit. Germ. 7.'' Refer [[Germania (book)]]</ref>

When the Germanic ''Keil'' was advancing against the enemy, they sang the ''baritus'' or ''barditus'', the battle song ([[battle cry]]); it begins with a muffled grumbling and swells with the heat of the battle up to the roar of the waves beating against the rocks. According to Germanic legend and Tacitus, [[Hercules]] once visited German soil and they sang of him first of all heroes.<ref>Tacitus, [[s:Germania#III|Germania III]], [[s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 2#22|Hist. II, 22]], [[s:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 4#18|Hist. IV, 18]].</ref>

=== The Middle Ages ===
In the Middle Ages, the tactic was especially effective against defensive [[shield wall]] formations when defenders would link their shields together to form an all-but impenetrable barrier. Armored, heavily armed infantry could use their momentum in wedge formation to drive open small sections in the shield wall. This would break up the shield wall exposing the defenders to flank attacks.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==== Western Europe ====
Two complete descriptions of an infantry wedge are given by [[Saxo Grammaticus]] in his ''[[Gesta Danorum]]''. In Book I, he describes a shallow wedge, with the front rank of two men then each thereafter doubled.  In Book VII, he depicts a sharper pointed formation 10 men deep with the first rank being composed of 2 men, each rank composed of 2 more.<ref>[http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/ "The Nine Books of the Danish History of Saxo Grammaticus", translated by Oliver Elton (Norroena Society, New York, 1905)]</ref> Thus, each wedge was composed of 110 men, 10 deep, 2 men on its tip, and 20 on its base. According to the [[Viking]]s, the wedge formation, called by them [[svinfylking]], cf. the Latin ''caput porcinum'', was invented by [[Odin]] himself.<ref>[[Peter Foote|Peter G. Foote]] and [[David M. Wilson]], ''The Viking Achievement'' (New York, 1970),p.285</ref>

A triangular or wedge formation was also used in the medieval period by the [[Flemings|Flemish]] and [[Swiss people|Swiss]] infantry.<ref>{{cite book |title=War in the Middle Ages |last=Contamine |first=Philippe |author-link=Philippe Contamine|year=1984 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn= 0-631-13142-6|pages=231–2}}</ref>

Deep wedges of cavalry were used by German armies in the later Middle Ages.  At the Battle of [[Pullenreuth|Pillenreuth]] in 1450, both the armies of [[Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg|Albrecht Achilles]] and [[Nuremberg]] fought in wedge formation. The Nuremberg cavalry was drawn up in a wedge led by 5 picked knights, then seven, then nine, then 11.  The following twenty ranks held 250 ordinary [[men-at-arms]], then a final rank of 14 picked men to hold the formation together.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the Art of War vol III; The Middle Ages |last=Delbrück |first=Hans |author2=Trans Walter J. Renfroe |year=1990 |orig-year= trans 1982 |publisher=Greenwood |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn= 0-8032-6585-9|page=275}}</ref>  Sir Charles Oman refers to an unpublished manual of 1480 by Philip of Seldeneck<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century |last=Oman |first=Sir Charles |year=1987 |orig-year=1937|publisher=Greenhill |location= London|isbn= 0-947898-69-7|pages= 82–3}}</ref> which describes the formation, calling it the ''Spitz''.  He gives examples of various formations varying from 200 men to 1000.  The formation of 1000 men places seven men in the first rank, with each rank increasing by two men back to the eighth rank with 21.  The remaining men are in a column 20 men wide behind the point. The banner would be carried in the seventh rank.

The use of the cavalry wedge in 13th Century [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] is described in the [[Siete Partidas]], a law code compiled for king [[Alfonso X of Castile]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Gassmann  |first1=Jürg |date=2021 |title=The Siete Partidas: A Repository of Mediaeval Military and Tactical Instruction|url=https://bop.unibe.ch/apd/article/view/7464 |journal=Acta Periodica Duellatorum |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9–10 |doi=10.36950/apd-2021-002 |access-date=17 July 2021|doi-access=free }}
</ref>

==== Byzantium ====
[[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Nikephoros II|Nikephoros Phocas]] analyzes the wedge formation of the [[Byzantine army|Byzantine]] [[Cataphract]]s in the third chapter of his ''[[Praecepta Militaria]]''. There, he relates that the wedge must be formed by 354 cataphracts and 150 horse archers to a total number of 504 men. The row of the first line comprised 20 horsemen, the second 24, the third 28, down to the 12th line, which consisted of 64 men. If such a number of men is not available, he proposes that the wedge be formed by 304 cataphracts and 80 horse archers, or a total of 384 men, the first line comprising 10 men. In his next chapter (''Ordinance on Cavalry Deployment''), he ordains that the wedge must be accompanied by two cavalry units, which will guard its flanks. A wedge whose ranks are not complete in the middle is shaped as an Λ instead of a Δ and is called a hollow wedge, or in Greek κοιλέμβολον,
''koilembolon''.

=== Modern warfare ===
[[File:US Navy 110812-N-UD522-172 Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Matthew Leistikow leads Sailors in a wedge patrol formation during patrol famili.jpg|thumb|right|US Navy sailors in a wedge patrol formation during patrol familiarization during a field training exercise in 2011.]]
The wedge is still used in modern armies, especially by [[tank]]s and other armored units. An example of this is the ''[[Panzerkeil]]'' or "armored wedge" used by the German [[Wehrmacht]] in [[World War II]].

The hollow wedge formation remains one of the basic infantry formations at the squad and section level, especially when crossing open ground. However unlike in ancient and medieval times, the formation is used not to maximise effectiveness in melee combat, but to maximise the situational awareness and firepower of a unit. The intervals between soldiers is designed to give mutually supporting lines of sight that do not obscure one another forward and to the sides, and this also corresponds to mutually supporting overlapping arcs of fire. The [[squad automatic weapon]] will usually anchor one of the flanks of a [[fireteam]] wedge. In a platoon wedge the command group and platoon machine guns are placed in the hollow of the wedge.

Exactly the same principles of mutually supporting lines of sight and fire, apply to an armored vehicles deployed in a wedge formation.

There are many advantages to using this formation. It provides more [[Overwatch (military tactic)|overwatch]] as a result of the area it spans. [[Bounding overwatch]] can also be transitioned fast and efficiently. The regiment can change formation with ease and the front of it has a significant amount of strength from its crossfire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission Command |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/Infantry/DoctrineSupplement/ATP3-21.8/chapter_04/section_08/page_0050/index.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=www.benning.army.mil |archive-date=2023-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319060820/https://www.benning.army.mil/Infantry/DoctrineSupplement/ATP3-21.8/chapter_04/section_08/page_0050/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==== Drill formation ====
The wedge formation is used ceremonially by cadets at the [[United States Air Force Academy]] during the annual graduation parade, when the soon-to-be commissioned first-class cadets (seniors) leave the Cadet Wing.  This is the reverse of the acceptance parade, held each fall, when the new fourth-class cadets (freshmen) join the Cadet Wing in the inverted wedge formation.