Editing Flynn effect (section)

==Origin of term==
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:Jim Flynn U of Otago.jpg|210px]] | video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vpqilhW9uI James Flynn: Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents'], (18:41), [[TED (conference)|TED talks]]
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The Flynn effect is named for [[James Flynn (academic)|James Robert Flynn]], who did much to document it and promote awareness of its implications. The term was coined by [[Richard Herrnstein]] and [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]] in their 1994 book ''[[The Bell Curve]]''.<ref name=Flynn>{{Cite book |author=Flynn, James R. |title=What Is Intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect |edition=expanded paperback |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-74147-7 |year=2009 |pages=1–2 |quote=The 'Flynn effect' is the name that has become attached to an exciting development, namely, that the twentieth century saw massive IQ gains from one generation to another. To forestall a diagnosis of megalomania, the label was coined by Herrnstein and Murray, the authors of ''The Bell Curve'', and not by myself.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Cosma |last=Shalizi |title=The Domestication of the Savage Mind |type=Review |url=http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/flynn-beyond/ |website=University of Michigan |date=27 April 2009  |archive-date=July 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719062416/http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/reviews/flynn-beyond/ |access-date=August 13, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Herrnstein|first1=Richard J.|url=https://archive.org/details/bellcurveintell00herr/page/307/mode/1up|title=The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life|last2=Murray|first2=Charles|publisher=The Free Press|year=1994|isbn=0-02-914673-9|location=New York|pages=307}}</ref> Flynn stated that, if asked, he would have named the effect after Read D. Tuddenham<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haig |first=Brian D. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Detecting Psychological Phenomena: Taking Bottom-Up Research Seriously |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/ajp/article/126/2/135/258002/Detecting-Psychological-Phenomena-Taking-Bottom-Up |journal=The American Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=126 |issue=2 |pages=135–153 |doi=10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.2.0135 |pmid=23858950 |issn=0002-9556}}</ref> who "was the first to present convincing evidence of massive gains on mental tests using a nationwide sample"<ref>{{Citation |last=Flynn |first=James R. |title=Secular Changes in Intelligence |url=https://james-flynn.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Cambridge-Handbook-of-Intelligence.pdf |work=The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence |year=2011 |pages=647–665 |access-date=2023-03-27 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511977244.033 |isbn=978-0-511-97724-4}}</ref> in a 1948 article.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tuddenham |first=R. D. |date=1948 |title=Soldier intelligence in World Wars I and II |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18911933/ |journal=The American Psychologist |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.1037/h0054962 |issn=0003-066X |pmid=18911933}}</ref>

Although the general term for the phenomenon—referring to no researcher in particular—continues to be "[[Saeculum|secular]] rise in IQ scores", many textbooks on psychology and IQ testing have now followed the lead of Herrnstein and Murray in calling the phenomenon the Flynn effect.<ref name="FlynnEffectTerm">{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Richard B. |last2=Hattie |first2=John |title=Intelligence and Intelligence Testing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pzDawey6akC |access-date=August 31, 2013 |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-136-82321-3 |page=26 |quote=Indeed, this effect, now called the 'Flynn effect', is well established. Nations, almost without exception, have shown gains of about 20 IQ points per generation (30 years). These gains are highest for IQ tests that are most related to reasoning and the capacity to figure out novel problems (this is often called 'fluid intelligence', see Chapter 5); and least related to knowledge, which arises from better educational opportunity, a history of persistence and good motivation for learning (this is often called 'crystallized intelligence', see Chapter 5).}}
*{{cite book |title=Gifted Lives: What Happens when Gifted Children Grow Up |last=Freeman |first=Joan |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-47009-4 |pages=290–91 |quote=A strange new phenomenon has been growing since about 1950, called the 'Flynn Effect' after Professor James Flynn of the University of Otago, New Zealand. In his book ''What is Intelligence ?'', Flynn describes a year-on-year rise in measured intelligence, about three IQ points a decade.}}
*{{cite news |first=Annalisa |last=Barbieri |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/09/gifted-children-joan-freeman-psychologist |title=Young, gifted and likely to suffer for it |newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=December 14, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215132/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/oct/09/gifted-children-joan-freeman-psychologist |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Urbina |first=Susana |title=Essentials of Psychological Testing |date=2004 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-41978-5 |page=103 |quote=A puzzling longitudinal trend in the opposite direction, known as the 'Flynn effect', has been well documented in successive revisions of major intelligence tests (like the S-B and the Wechsler scales) that invariably involve the administration of both the old and new versions to a segment of the newer standardization sample, for comparative purposes. Data from revisions of various intelligence tests in the United States as well as in other countries—extensively analyzed by J.R. Flynn (1984, 1987)—show a pronounced, long-term upward trend in the level of performance required to obtain any given IQ score. The Flynn effect presumably reflects population gains over time in the kinds of cognitive performance that intelligence tests sample.}} {{cite book |last=Wasserman |first=John D. |editor1-last=Weiner |editor1-first=Irving B. |editor2-last=Graham |editor2-first=John R. |editor3-last=Naglieri |editor3-first=Jack A. |title=Handbook of Psychology |volume=10: Assessment Psychology |chapter=Chapter 18: Assessment of Intellectual Functioning |year=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-89127-8 |page=486 |quote=Both definitions also specify that the intellectual functioning criterion for a diagnosis of intellectual disability is approximately 2 ''SD''s or more below the normative mean, but factors such as test score statistical error (standard error of measurement), test fairness, normative expectations for the population of interest, the Flynn effect, and practice effects from previous testing need to be considered before arriving at any diagnosis.}}
*{{cite book |last=Chamorro-Premuzic |first=Tomas |author-link=Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic |title=Personality and Individual Differences |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-9927-8 |page=221 |quote='''Flynn effect''' The finding by sociologist James Flynn that there are generational increases in IQ across nations.}}</ref>