Editing Ford Pinto engine (section)

==Pinto OHC (TL)==
In Europe, the '''Pinto OHC''' was introduced in 1970 to replace the [[Ford Essex V4 engine|Essex V4]] used in the [[Ford Corsair|Corsair]] as that range was subsumed into the Mk3 [[Ford Cortina|Cortina]] and [[Ford Taunus V4 engine|Taunus V4]] for the German Fords range (mainly the new [[Ford Taunus|Taunus]] TC). It was the first Ford engine to feature a belt-driven [[single overhead cam|overhead camshaft]]. Early Pinto engines suffered from excessive cam and follower wear, this was later addressed by nitriding the cam lobes and followers, and the fitment of a spray bar, which sprayed oil directly at the camshaft. All standard production Pinto engines had a cast iron cylinder block and a cast iron, crossflow, single overhead camshaft cylinder head with two valves per cylinder operated by finger followers.

Applications:
* [[Ford Taunus]]/[[Ford Cortina]] (TC1 (1970-76), TC2 (1976–82))
* [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] Mk1 RS2000
* [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] Mk2 RS2000, Mexico 
* [[Ford Capri]] (Mk2 and Mk3 (1974–86))
* [[Ford Sierra]] (1982–1992)
* [[Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada Mk1 and Mk2]] (Mk1 (1974–77); Mk2 (1977–85))
* [[Ford Scorpio|Ford Scorpio/Granada Mk3]]
* [[Ford Transit]] (1978–1994)
* [[TVR Tasmin|TVR Tasmin 200]]

The Pinto engine was available in five [[engine displacement|displacements]]: {{cvt|1294|cc|L|1|order=flip}}, earlier {{cvt|1593|cc|L|1|order=flip}}, later {{cvt|1598|cc|L|1|order=flip}}, {{cvt|1796|cc|L|1|order=flip}} and the {{cvt|1993|cc|L|1|order=flip}}. Later {{cvt|1998|cc|L|1|order=flip}}. Due to emission requirements, it was phased out towards the end of the 1980s to be replaced by the [[Ford CVH engine|CVH engine]] and [[Ford I4 DOHC engine|DOHC engine]], the latter being (contrary to popular belief) a completely new design and not a twin-cam development of the Pinto unit. The only [[DOHC]] direct derivative of Pinto engine is the Cosworth YB 16-valve engine, powering [[Ford Sierra]] and [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] RS Cosworth variants and featuring a cast aluminium alloy cylinder head developed specially by Cosworth fitted to a modified Pinto cast iron block.

The final Pinto engines used in Ford of Europe production vehicles were the {{cvt|1598|cc|L|1|order=flip}} litre versions used in the Sierra until 1992, and the last {{cvt|1998|cc|L|1|order=flip}} units were used in the Transit until 1994.

===1.3 (TL13)===
The smallest member of the family was the {{cvt|1294|cc|L|1|order=flip}} which had a {{cvt|79x66|mm|in|2}} bore and stroke.
It was produced in two [[compression ratio]] versions:
* TL13L&nbsp;– the low compression (LC) variant, which developed {{cvt|40|–|43|kW|HP|0}} / {{cvt|90|–|92|Nm|lbft|0}} depending on [[carburetor]] model, had a compression ratio of 8.0:1 and the engine codes started with 'JA'
* TL13H — the high compression (HC) variant, which developed {{cvt|43|–|46|kW|HP|0}} / {{cvt|97|–|98|Nm|lbft|0}} depending on carburetor model had a compression ratio of 9.0:1 and the engine codes started with 'JC'
The fuel was supplied by the [[Motorcraft]] single-barrel (1V) carburetor in the early models (until April 1979), and [[Motorcraft]] VV ("variable venturi") carburetor for the vehicles built after April 1979.

Applications:
* 1970–1982 [[Ford Taunus]] (engine codes JAA/JCA, JAC/JCC, JAR/JCR)
* 1972–1974 [[Ford Capri]] (engine code JCE)
* 1982–1984 [[Ford Sierra]] (engine code JCT)

==={{anchor|TL16|1.6}} 1.6 (TL16)===

====Early low compression variant (TL16L)====
Initially, the {{cvt|1593|cc|L|1|order=flip}} had a bore of {{cvt|87.7|mm|in|2}} and shared the [[crankshaft]] with the 1.3&nbsp;L model with a stroke of {{cvt|66|mm|in|2}} giving the displacement of {{cvt|1593|cc|L|1|order=flip}}.
The '''TL16L''' had a compression ratio of 8.2:1 and developed {{cvt|48|–|51|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|111|–|113|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque depending on the carburetor and application. As the 1.3&nbsp;L model, it used the [[Motorcraft]] 1V and, later, the [[Motorcraft]] VV carburetors. The engine code of the low compression variant started with 'LA'.

Applications:
* 1970–1982 [[Ford Taunus]] / [[Ford Cortina]] (engine codes LAA, LAD, LAR)
* 1979–1986 [[Ford Transit]] (engine code LAT)
* 1975–1985 [[Ford Capri]] (engine codes LAC, LAN)

====Early high compression variant (TL16H)====
The HC version of the early {{cvt|1593|cc|L|1|order=flip}} had the same bore and stroke as the LC version, but the compression ratio was higher (9.2:1), allowing it to produce {{cvt|53|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|118|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque. It used the same carburetor models as the low compression version ([[Motorcraft]] 1V and [[Motorcraft]] VV).

Applications:
* 1970–1982 [[Ford Taunus]] / [[Ford Cortina]] (engine codes LCA, LCJ, LCR)
* 1982–1992 [[Ford Sierra]] (engine codes LCT, LCS)
* 1975–1985 [[Ford Capri]] (engine codes LCE, LCN)
* 1981–1985 [[Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]] (engine code LCK)
* 1983–1984 [[Anadol#Anadol A8-16/16 SL (1981-1984)|Anadol A8-16 SL]]

====Increased performance (GT) variant (TL16G)====
From the beginning of the production run, the {{cvt|1593|cc|L|1|order=flip}} had a special, 'sporty' version which featured:
* modified cylinder head (larger inlet valves and 2.0&nbsp;L camshaft with higher valve lifts)
* DGAV 32/36 [[Weber carburetor]]
* tubular [[exhaust manifold]]
With such an improvement package, the engine produced {{cvt|66|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|125|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque.

Applications:
* 1970–1973 [[Ford Taunus]] GT (engine code LEA)
* 1970–1976 [[Ford Taunus]] GXL (engine code LEA)
* 1970-1976 Ford Cortina GT (engine code LEA)
* 1970–1976 [[Ford Cortina]] GXL (engine code LEA)
* 1976–1982 [[Ford Taunus]] / [[Ford Cortina]] S / GLS / Ghia S (engine codes LEC, LEE)
* 1975–1978 [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] Mexico
* 1972–1976 [[Ford Capri]] GT (engine codes LEC, LEE)

====Late variant (TL16E)====
At the beginning of 1984, Ford Pinto engine displacement range switched from 1.3/1.6/2.0 to 1.6/1.8/2.0. The newly introduced 1.8&nbsp;L engine used the 2.0&nbsp;L crankshaft, so to uniform engine parts for the whole range after dropping the 1.3&nbsp;L — the 1.6&nbsp;L was redesigned to also take the 2.0&nbsp;L crankshaft which had a {{cvt|76.95|mm|in}} stroke. This of course led to bringing the bore down to {{cvt|81|mm|in|2|order=flip}} to keep the displacement within range — it was now {{cvt|1598|cc|L|1|order=flip}}. The TL16E became now the only available 1.6&nbsp;L engine of the Pinto range. Although the compression ratio was raised to 9.5:1, the power figures did not differ much from the earlier TL16H version — the engine developed {{cvt|56|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|123|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque.
This engine is sometimes referred to as '''1.6&nbsp;E-Max''' engine.

Applications:
* 1984–1989 [[Ford Sierra]] (engine codes LSE, LSD)

===1.8 (TL18H)===
The {{cvt|1798|cc|L|1|order=flip}} Pinto engine was introduced in 1984 as a replacement for the "old" 1.6&nbsp;L. The engine had an {{cvt|86.2|mm|in|2}} bore and {{cvt|76.95|mm|in|2}} stroke giving the displacement of {{cvt|1796|cc|L|1|order=flip}}. Output was {{cvt|66|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|140|Nm|lbft|0}}. Fuel was supplied by the Pierburg 2E3 28/32 carburetor.

Applications:
* 1984–1989 [[Ford Sierra]] (engine codes REB, RED, REF)
* 1985–1992 [[Ford Scorpio]] (engine code REC)

==={{anchor|2.0|TL20}} 2.0 (TL20)===
The {{cvt|1993|cc|L|1|order=flip}} was used in many Ford vehicles from the early 1970s. Due to its robustness and high tuning potential, it was often used as an aftermarket engine upgrade or base for building race and rally engines — not exclusively in Ford cars. The engine has bore of {{cvt|90.8|mm|in|2}} and {{cvt|77|mm|in|2}} stroke giving the displacement of {{cvt|1993|cc|L|1|order=flip}}.
It was manufactured in several variants:

====Low compression variant (TL20L)====
Three completely different LC variants of the 2.0&nbsp;L were produced.
One was used on the 1970–1982 Ford Taunus export version to Sweden — fitted with the Weber DGAV 32/32 carburetor and compression ratio lowered to 8.2:1 to meet the rigorous emission specifications; it delivered {{cvt|64|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|140|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque.
The second one was used on 1978–1991 [[Ford Transit]]s and P100 models. With modified induction and Motorcraft 1V carburetor, it produced {{cvt|57|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|156|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque available at only 2800&nbsp;rpm. The compression ratio in this case was also 8.2:1. The Transits also used the third variant called the "Economy" engine. The power figure of this one was even lower — it developed only {{cvt|43|kW|HP|0}}.

Applications:
* 1970–1982 [[Ford Taunus]] Sweden export version (engine code NA)
* 1978–1994 [[Ford Transit]] (engine codes NAT, NAV, NAW, NAX, NBA)
* 1988–1993 [[Ford P100]] (engine code NAE)
* 1977–1986 [[Ford Transit]] "Economy" version (engine code NUT)

{{anchor|NE|NEA|NER}}

====Standard (high compression) variant (TL20H)====
Although Ford marked its standard 2.0&nbsp;L engine as HC, it actually uses engine codes meant for the 'increased performance variant' engines (coding starting with 'NE'), these have a compression ratio of to 9.2:1.
This engine used different carburetor models across the years:
* Weber DGAV 32/36 - on all cars up to 1987
* Weber DFTH 30/34 - from 1987 until the end of production run (1989)
* Weber DFAV 32/36 - on engines exported to USA

The engine produced {{cvt|74|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|156|Nm|lbft|0}} of torque, though a few models with a higher output were produced (for example an {{cvt|81|kW|HP|0}} version used in 1976 Ford Escort RS2000).

Applications:
* 1973–1980 [[Ford Escort (Europe)|Ford Escort]] RS2000 (engine codes NEA, NE)
* 1974–1982 [[Ford Taunus]] / [[Ford Cortina]] (engine codes NEG, NER)
* 1975–1985 [[Ford Capri]] (engine codes NEE, NEN)
* 1973–1984 [[Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]] (engine codes NEB, NEH, NEK)
* 1983–1989 [[Ford Sierra]] (engine codes NES, NET, NEJ, NE5)
* 1985–1989 [[Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]] and [[Ford Scorpio]] (engine code NEL, NER, NE4)
* 1971–1974 [[Ford Pinto]]

====Injection variant (TL20EFI)====
The injected 2.0&nbsp;L used the [[Ford EEC#EEC-IV|Ford EEC-IV]] engine control system which brought the output up to {{cvt|85|kW|HP|0}} of power and {{cvt|160|Nm|lbft|0}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ultimatespecs.com/car-specs/Ford/7281/Ford-Scorpio-I-20i.html | title=Ford Scorpio I 2.0i Technical Specs, Dimensions }}</ref> of torque, although much of this increased performance can be attributed to the improved design of the EFI variants cylinder head.<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Build and Power Tune Ford Pinto Engines (Including Cosworth)|last=Hammill|first=Des|publisher=Veloce Publishing Ltd|year=2001|isbn=978-1903706107|chapter=5}}</ref> As the EEC-IV installation on most of those engines contains some [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] parts that are easily visible in the engine compartment (air flow meter of the electromechanical "flap" type, injectors, fuel pressure regulator etc.), it is often - but falsely believed that they are fitted with the Bosch [[Jetronic#L-Jetronic (1974–1989)|L-Jetronic]] [[Fuel injection|injection]] system.
Some of the TL20EFI engines have closed-loop lambda control, while others are lacking that feature.

Applications:
* 1985–1992 [[Ford Sierra]] (engine codes N4, NRD, N4B: 74&nbsp;kW; NRB, NR2, N4A, N4I: 85&nbsp;kW)
* 1985–1992 [[Ford Granada (Europe)|Ford Granada]] and [[Ford Scorpio]] (engine code NRA, NRC, NRI)
* 1991–1994 [[Ford Transit]] (engine code NCA)

====Single point injection variant (TL20CFI)====
This variant was used in Ford Transit exclusively. The power output was {{cvt|57|kW|HP|0}}.

Applications:
* 1985–1992 [[Ford Transit]] (engine code N6T)

====Cosworth YB (CH20EFI)====
In the beginning of the 1980s, [[Cosworth]] developed a 16-valve performance head conversion for the Pinto engine. This was seen by a Ford executive who asked Cosworth to develop it with a [[Turbocharger|turbo]] for use in the new [[Ford Sierra RS Cosworth]].
The engine is therefore based on a modified Pinto block topped with the Cosworth-developed alloy head and [[Garrett AiResearch|Garrett]] turbo.