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Fort Tryon Park
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== Geography and geology == Fort Tryon Park covers {{convert|67.21|acre}}. It is bounded on the west by the [[Henry Hudson Parkway]], on the north by [[Riverside Drive (Manhattan)|Riverside Drive]], on the east by [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] and Bennett Avenue, and on the south by the alignment of 192nd Street. A small section at the park's southwestern corner is located between [[Cabrini Boulevard]] to the east and Henry Hudson Parkway to the west, and is bounded to the south by 190th Street. The park is adjacent to [[Inwood Hill Park]] to the north and [[Fort Washington Park (Manhattan)|Fort Washington Park]] and [[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]] to the south; all are part of the [[Manhattan Waterfront Greenway]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Fort Tryon Park | publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/fort-tryon-park | access-date=September 27, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003013429/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/fort-tryon-park | archive-date=October 3, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> The park offers views of the [[Hudson River]], the [[George Washington Bridge]], and the [[New Jersey Palisades]], to the west; [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]] to the south; Inwood and [[the Bronx]] to the north; and the [[Harlem River]] to the east. The north–south [[Henry Hudson Parkway]] and [[Amtrak]]'s [[Empire Connection]] run alongside the western edge of the park.<ref name="NYCL p. 8">{{harvnb|Shockley|Baugher|1983|ps=.|p=8}}</ref><ref name="NPS p. 2">{{harvnb|National Park Service|1978|ps=.|p=2}}</ref> The park is built on a formation of [[Manhattan schist]] and contains examples of igneous [[intrusion]]s and of [[glacial striation]]s from the [[Last Glacial Period|last ice age]].<ref name="concrete172" /> The lower lying regions to the east and north of the park are built on Inwood [[marble]].<ref name="encnyc">Kuhn, Jonathan. "Fort Tryon Park" in {{cite enc-nyc2|page=473}}</ref> Outcroppings of [[gneiss]] and [[schist]] can be seen interlaid with the marble, as seen in the outcroppings at the park's edges.<ref name="Audin Quinn 2018">{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/1818.pdf|title=Phase IB Archaeological Survey 4790 Broadway Block 2233, Portion of Lot 20 Inwood, New York, New York|first1=Michael|last1=Audin|first2=Rosanne|last2=Quinn|date=October 2018|publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928221244/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/1818.pdf|archive-date=September 28, 2019|access-date=July 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|55}} Fort Tryon Park also contains a large [[glacial pothole]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Geology and Topography | publisher=Fort Tryon Park Trust | url=https://www.forttryonparktrust.org/geology-and-topography/ | access-date=September 29, 2019 | archive-date=September 25, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925143557/https://www.forttryonparktrust.org/geology-and-topography/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The northern boundary of the park is formed by the seismologically active [[Dyckman Street Fault]].<ref name="concrete172" /> The fault creates a valley separating Fort Tryon Park from [[Inwood Hill Park]] to the north.<ref name="Torrey p. 10"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Geological History of NYC Parks | publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/geology | access-date=September 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504193725/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/geology | archive-date=May 4, 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> In precolonial times, a Native American road ran within this valley from the present-day intersection of Broadway and Dyckman Street to a settlement on the Hudson River.<ref name="Audin Quinn 2018"/>{{rp|56}} The valley formerly contained an inlet named Little Sand Bay, which flowed into the [[Hudson River]] to the west.<ref name="Torrey p. 10">{{harvnb|Torrey|1936|ps=.|p=10}}</ref> As recently as 1989, activity of this fault caused a [[Seismic magnitude scales|magnitude 2]] earthquake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tworivertimes.com/issues/110318/news5.php|title=Could It Happen Here? Earthquakes In The Tri-State Area|newspaper=Two River Times|date=November 30, 1989|author=Fennell, Ryan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719063143/http://www.tworivertimes.com/issues/110318/news5.php|archive-date=July 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sykes |first1=L. R. |last2=Armbruster |first2=J. G. |last3=Kim |first3=W.-Y. |last4=Seeber |first4=L. |title=Observations and Tectonic Setting of Historic and Instrumentally Located Earthquakes in the Greater New York City-Philadelphia Area |journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America |date=2008 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1696–1719 |doi=10.1785/0120070167 |bibcode=2008BuSSA..98.1696S |url=http://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/pressreleases/1696.pdf |access-date=September 27, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827073347/https://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/pressreleases/1696.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Could an earthquake hit New York City? History says yes, but not like 9.0 magnitude Japan earthquake |author=Shahid, Alihay |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/earthquake-hit-new-york-city-history-yes-not-9-0-magnitude-japan-earthquake-article-1.124761 |newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York |date=March 17, 2011 |access-date=September 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927181057/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/earthquake-hit-new-york-city-history-yes-not-9-0-magnitude-japan-earthquake-article-1.124761 |archive-date=September 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another valley separated Fort Washington from a hill to the east, which hosted [[Fort George, Manhattan|Fort George]]. This valley contained a stream,<ref name="Torrey p. 10" /> which was known as the Hessian Spring.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujAbAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA410|title=Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York|author=New York (State). Legislature. Assembly|year=1915|page=410|access-date=September 22, 2019|issue=v. 21|archive-date=May 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508192103/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujAbAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA410|url-status=live}}</ref> The stream emptied into Half Creek (later [[Sherman Creek (New York)|Sherman Creek]]), which in turn led to the [[Harlem River]] to the east.<ref name="Torrey p. 10" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hiddenwatersblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/08/shermancr/|title=Sherman Creek, Manhattan|last=Kadinsky|first=Sergey|date=February 8, 2017|website=Hidden Waters|access-date=September 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922223346/https://hiddenwatersblog.wordpress.com/2017/02/08/shermancr/|archive-date=September 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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