Editing Founder effect (section)

==Founder mutation==
In [[genetics]], a '''founder mutation''' is a [[mutation]] that appears in the [[DNA]] of one or more individuals which are founders of a distinct population. Founder mutations initiate with changes that occur in the DNA and can be passed down to other generations.<ref name=BSCS>{{cite web |url=http://bscs.org/pages/curriculumdevelopment/onco/glossary.htm |title=Bioinformatics Glossary |publisher=bscs.org |access-date=2009-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325145659/http://bscs.org/pages/curriculumdevelopment/onco/glossary.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref><ref name=CIHR>{{cite web|url=http://www.mshri.on.ca/colorectalcancer/definitions.html |title=Colorectal Cancer Research Definitions |publisher=www.mshri.on.ca |access-date=2009-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724072927/http://www.mshri.on.ca/colorectalcancer/definitions.html |archive-date=July 24, 2009 }}</ref> Any organism—from a simple virus to something complex like a mammal—whose progeny carry its mutation has the potential to express the founder effect,<ref name="pmid26052661">{{cite journal |author1=Joseph, S. B. |author2=Swanstrom, R. |author3=Kashuba, A. D. |author4=Cohen, M. S.  | title=Bottlenecks in HIV-1 transmission: insights from the study of founder viruses | journal=[[Nature Reviews Microbiology]] | volume=13 | issue=7 | pages=414–425 | year=2015 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro3471 | pmc=4793885 | pmid=26052661 }}</ref> for instance a goat<ref name="pmid23516474">{{cite journal |author1=Cooper, C. A. |author2=Garas Klobas, L. C. |author3=Maga, E. A. |author4=Murray, J. D.  | title=Consuming transgenic goats' milk containing the antimicrobial protein lysozyme helps resolve diarrhea in young pigs | journal=[[PLOS ONE]] | volume=8 | issue=3 | pages=e58409 | year=2013 | pmc=3596375 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058409 | pmid=23516474 | bibcode=2013PLoSO...858409C |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Molteni | first=Megan | title=Spilled Milk | date=June 30, 2016 | url=http://undark.org/article/gmo-goats-lysozyme-uc-davis-diarrhea/ | access-date=2017-01-12 }}</ref> or a human.<ref name="pmid27286788">{{cite journal |author1=Ossa, C. A. |author2=Torres, D.  | title=Founder and Recurrent Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Latin American Countries: State of the Art and Literature Review | journal=The Oncologist | volume=21 | issue=7 | pages=832–839 | year=2016 | doi=10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0416 | pmid=27286788 | pmc=4943386}}</ref>

Founder mutations originate in long stretches of DNA on a single [[chromosome]]; indeed, the original [[haplotype]] is the whole chromosome. As the generations progress, the proportion of the haplotype that is common to all carriers of the mutation is shortened (due to [[genetic recombination]]). This shortening allows scientists to roughly estimate the age of the mutation.<ref name=SCIAM>{{cite journal |title=Founder Mutations: Scientific American
|journal=Scientific American
|volume=293
|issue=4
|pages=78–85
|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1005-78
|pmid = 16196257|year=2005
|last1=Drayna
|first1=Dennis
}}</ref>