Editing French Open (section)

== History ==

Officially named in French '''''Internationaux de France de Tennis''''' ("French Internationals of Tennis" in English),<ref>{{cite web|title=Un siècle d'histoire|url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/fr-fr/page/roland-garros-un-siecle-histoire-de-decugis-a-nadal|website=rolandgarros.com|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008180626/https://www.rolandgarros.com/fr-fr/page/roland-garros-un-siecle-histoire-de-decugis-a-nadal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/French-Open | title=Britannica: French Open | access-date=22 February 2021 | archive-date=8 March 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308021228/https://www.britannica.com/sports/French-Open | url-status=live }}</ref> the tournament uses the name '''''Roland-Garros'''''{{efn|name=name|The [[Stade Roland Garros|stadium]] and tournament are both hyphenated as ''Roland-Garros'' because French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined with a [[hyphen]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Le Ramat typographique|last=Ramat|first=Aurel|year=1994|publisher=Éditions Charles Corlet|isbn=2854804686|page=63}}</ref>}} in all languages,<ref>{{cite web|title=Un siècle d'histoire|url=https://www.rolandgarros.com/fr-fr/page/roland-garros-un-siecle-histoire-de-decugis-a-nadal|language=French|work=Roland-Garros Official Website|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008180626/https://www.rolandgarros.com/fr-fr/page/roland-garros-un-siecle-histoire-de-decugis-a-nadal|url-status=live}}</ref> and it is usually called the '''French Open''' in English.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Christopher Clarey|title=A Puzzler in Paris: French Open or Roland Garros?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/sports/tennis/a-puzzler-in-paris-french-open-or-roland-garros.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=23 May 2013|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-date=9 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109154157/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/sports/tennis/a-puzzler-in-paris-french-open-or-roland-garros.html|url-status=live}}</ref><section begin=GrandSlamArticle/>

In 1891, the ''Championnat de France'', which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships, began. This was only open to tennis players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was [[H. Briggs]], a Briton who resided in Paris and was a member of the Club Stade Français. In the final, he defeated [[P. Baigneres]] in straight sets.<ref name=PastWinners>{{cite web|work=rolandgarros.com |title=Event Guide / History / Past Winners 1891–2008 |url=http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history/pastwinners.html |access-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513071553/http://www.rolandgarros.com/en_FR/about/history/pastwinners.html |archive-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> The first women's singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the women's doubles in 1907. In the period of 1915–1919, no tournament was organized due to World War I. <noinclude>This tournament was played until 1924, using four venues:

* Societé de Sport de l'Île de Puteaux (an island in the river [[Seine]]), in [[Puteaux]]; played on the club's ten sand grounds laid out on a bed of rubble. 1891, 1893, 1894 (men's singles), 1895 (men's singles), 1897 (women's singles), 1902 (women's singles and mixed doubles), 1905 (women's singles and mixed doubles), 1907 (men's singles, women's singles, mixed doubles) editions.
* The Croix-Catelan of the [[Racing Club de France]] (a club founded in 1882, which initially had two lawn-tennis courts with four more [[Grass court|grass]] (''pelouse'') courts opened some years later, but due to the difficulty of maintenance, they were eventually transformed into [[Clay court|clay]] courts) in the [[Bois de Boulogne]], Paris. 1892, 1894 (men's doubles), 1895 (men's doubles), 1897 (women's singles), 1901 (men's doubles), 1903 (men's doubles and mixed doubles), 1904, 1907 (men's doubles), 1908, 1910–1914, 1920–1924 editions.
* [[Tennis Club de Paris]] (a club founded in 1895, which initially had four indoor wood courts and five outdoor clay courts), at 71, Boulevard Exelmans in the [[Auteuil, Paris|Auteuil]] neighborhood, Paris. 1896, 1897 (men's singles), 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901 (men's and women's singles), 1902 (men's singles), 1903 (men's singles and women's singles), 1905 (men's singles) and 1906 editions.
* Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in [[Bordeaux]], on clay. Only played in 1909.</noinclude>

In 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the [[International Lawn Tennis Federation]]. It was held on clay courts at the [[Stade Français]] in [[Saint-Cloud]] (site of the previous World Hard Court Championships) in 1925 and 1927. In 1926 the Croix-Catelan of the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, the site of the previous French club members only tournament, also on clay.

Another clay court tournament, called the [[World Hard Court Championships]], is sometimes considered the true precursor to the modern French Open as it admitted international competitors. This was held at Stade Français in Saint-Cloud, from 1912 to 1914, 1920, 1921 and 1923, with the 1922 event held in [[Brussels]], Belgium. Winners of this tournament included world No. 1s such as [[Anthony Wilding]] from New Zealand (1913, 1914) and Bill Tilden from the US (1921). In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the [[1924 Summer Olympics|Paris Olympic Games]] in [[Colombes]].<section end=GrandSlamArticle/>

After the [[The Four Musketeers (tennis)|Mousquetaires]] or Philadelphia Four ([[René Lacoste]], [[Jean Borotra]], [[Henri Cochet]], and [[Jacques Brugnon]]) won the [[Davis Cup]] on American soil in 1927, the French decided to defend the cup in 1928 at a new tennis stadium at Porte d'Auteuil. The ''Stade de France'' had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I [[aviator]] hero [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Evan Gershkovich |title=Who was Roland Garros? The fighter pilot behind the French Open |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/briefing/roland-garros-facts-french-open.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 June 2017 |access-date=8 May 2019 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508130715/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/briefing/roland-garros-facts-french-open.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The new [[Stade de Roland Garros]] (whose central court was renamed [[Court Philippe Chatrier]] in 1988) hosted that Davis Cup challenge. On 24 May 1928, the French International Championships moved there, and the event has been held there ever since.<ref name="Historypage">{{cite web | title=Roland Garros: a venue open all year long. Past Winners and Draws | publisher=ftt.fr | url=http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/default_en.asp?id=1575 | access-date=7 August 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808145713/http://www.fft.fr/rolandgarros/default_en.asp?id=1575 | archive-date=8 August 2007 }}</ref>

During World War II, the [[Tournoi de France (tennis)|Tournoi de France]] was not held in 1940 and from 1941 through 1945 it took place on the same grounds, but those events are not recognized by the French governing body, the [[Fédération Française de Tennis]].<ref>{{cite magazine|author1=Henry D. Fetter|title=The French Open During World War II: A Hidden History|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/06/the-french-open-during-world-war-ii-a-hidden-history/239974/|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=6 June 2011|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910125504/http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/06/the-french-open-during-world-war-ii-a-hidden-history/239974/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1946 and 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, making it the third [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] event of the year. In 1968, the year of the [[May 68|French General Strike]], the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go [[Open Tennis|open]], allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete.<ref name="Historypage"/>

Since 1981, new prizes have been presented: the Prix Orange (for the player demonstrating the best sportsmanship and cooperative attitude with the press), the Prix Citron (for the player with the strongest character and personality) and the Prix Bourgeon (for the tennis player revelation of the year). In another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the tournament's opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place, where the profits go to different charity associations. In March 2007, it was announced that the event would provide equal prize money for both men and women in all rounds for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=1215 |title=Roland Garros Awards Equal Pay |publisher=WTA Tour |date=16 March 2007 |access-date=20 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623122943/http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/1/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=1215 |archive-date=23 June 2007 }}</ref>
In 2010, it was announced that the tournament was considering a move away from Roland Garros as part of a continuing rejuvenation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8580652.stm|title=French Open could move away from Roland Garros in Paris|date=16 March 2007|access-date=20 July 2007|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328002805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8580652.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Plans to renovate and expand Roland Garros have put aside any such consideration, and the tournament remains in its long time home.

The 2022 edition finally saw a new [[tiebreaker]] format.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/sports/tennis/grand-slams-tiebreaker.html|title=The End of the Endless Final Set: Grand Slams Adopt Same Tiebreaker|date=17 March 2022|access-date=8 September 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509172915/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/17/sports/tennis/grand-slams-tiebreaker.html|url-status=live}}</ref> If the deciding set is tied at six-all, the match is decided in a 10-point format. Should the tiebreaker game be tied at 9-all (or any tie hereafter), whoever scores two straight points wins.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/news-roland-garros-implement-new-final-set-tie-break-rules|title=French Open 2022: What is the 5th set tie-break rule set to be trialed at Roland Garros?|date=13 May 2022|access-date=8 September 2023|publisher=Sportskeeda|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908034109/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/tennis/news-roland-garros-implement-new-final-set-tie-break-rules|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision was made by the Grand Slam Board for all four Grand Slams "based on a strong desire to create greater consistency in the rules of the game at the grand slams, and thus enhance the experience for the players and fans alike", a statement from the Board read.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/mar/16/final-sets-in-all-four-grand-slams-to-be-decided-by-10-point-tie-break-tennis|title=Final sets in all four tennis grand slams to be decided by 10-point tie-break|date=16 March 2022|access-date=8 September 2023|work=[[The Guardian]]|archive-date=8 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908034108/https://amp.theguardian.com/sport/2022/mar/16/final-sets-in-all-four-grand-slams-to-be-decided-by-10-point-tie-break-tennis|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2024 edition marked the first time that a member of the [[Big Three (tennis)|Big Three]] ([[Roger Federer]], [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Novak Djokovic]]) was not featured in the final since 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Roland-Garros Final Without a Member of the BIG 3 |url=https://www.tennisclubhouse.ca/en/post/the-last-roland-garros-final-without-a-member-of-the-big-3 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=tennisclubhouse.ca|date=5 June 2024 }}</ref>

=== Expansion  ===
[[File:Court Philippe Chatrier May 30th 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Court Philippe Chatrier during the 2013 French Open.]]
From 2004 to 2008, plans were developed to build a covered stadium with a roof, as complaints continued over delayed matches.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3781357.stm | title=Roland Garros set for roof | date=6 June 2004 | access-date=29 March 2015 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402190650/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/3781357.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.ready.html | title=French Open Adds Day; Clay Stays the Same | newspaper=The New York Times | date=27 May 2006 | access-date=29 March 2015 | last1=Clarey | first1=Christopher | archive-date=3 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403043615/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.ready.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3413596 | title=Only 13 matches completed before rain halts play | date=27 May 2008 | access-date=29 March 2015 | archive-date=2 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131047/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french08/news/story?id=3413596 | url-status=live }}</ref> Various proposals were put forward to expand the facility or to move the tournament to a completely new, 55-court venue outside of Paris city limits. In 2011 the decision was taken to maintain the tournament within its existing venue.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Christopher Clarey|title=Renovation Plans in Limbo, Roland Garros Faces Future|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/sports/tennis/renovation-plans-in-limbo-roland-garros-faces-future.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 May 2013|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227044732/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/29/sports/tennis/renovation-plans-in-limbo-roland-garros-faces-future.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Andrew Roberts|title=French Open Tennis Will Stay in Paris at Upgraded Roland Garros|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-02-13/french-open-tennis-tournament-to-stay-at-roland-garros-organizers-say|publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=14 February 2011|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923233955/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-02-13/french-open-tennis-tournament-to-stay-at-roland-garros-organizers-say|url-status=live}}</ref> The expansion project called for a new stadium to be built alongside the historical [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil|Auteuil's greenhouses]] and expansion of old stadiums and the tournament village.<ref>{{cite web|title=Modernising Roland Garros stadium|url=http://www.nouveaurolandgarros.com/welcome-new-roland-garros-page|publisher=[[Fédération Française de Tennis]] (FFT)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810175146/http://www.nouveaurolandgarros.com/welcome-new-roland-garros-page|archive-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> A wide-ranging project to overhaul the venue was presented in 2011, including building a roof over [[Stade Roland Garros#Court Philippe Chatrier|Court Philippe-Chatrier]], demolishing and replacing Court No. 1 with a grassy hill for outdoors viewing, and geographical extension of the venue eastward into the [[Jardin des Serres d'Auteuil]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.debatpublic.fr/projet-nouveau-stade-roland-garros|title=Projet de nouveau stade Roland-Garros {{!}} CNDP – Commission nationale du débat public|website=debatpublic.fr|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602152901/https://www.debatpublic.fr/projet-nouveau-stade-roland-garros|url-status=live}}</ref>

Legal opposition from environmental defence associations and other stakeholders delayed the works for several years as litigation ensued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.francetvinfo.fr/tennis/extension-de-roland-garros-retour-devant-la-justice-365573|title=Extension de Roland-Garros: retour devant la justice|website=Francetvsport|date=November 2016|language=fr|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602152855/https://sport.francetvinfo.fr/tennis/extension-de-roland-garros-retour-devant-la-justice-365573|url-status=live}}</ref> In particular, the city council voted in May 2015 against the expansion project, but on 9 June 2015 Paris Mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]] announced the signing of the construction permits, with work scheduled to begin in September of that year and conclude in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Kamakshi Tandon|title=Paris city council votes against French Open expansion project|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/05/paris-city-council-votes-against-french-open-expansion-project/55068/|publisher=Tennis.com|date=29 May 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602042928/http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2015/05/paris-city-council-votes-against-french-open-expansion-project/55068/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Roland Garros Revamp Gets Green Light|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/243624-roland-garros-revamp-gets-green-light|publisher=NDTV|date=10 June 2015|access-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201235/http://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/news/243624-roland-garros-revamp-gets-green-light|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2015, the Administrative Court of Paris once again halted renovation work, but the French Tennis Federation won the right to proceed with the renovation on appeal.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/French-Federation-to-Appeal-against-Roland-Garros-Modernization-suspension-articolo31293.html | title=French Federation to Appeal against Roland Garros' Modernization suspension! | publisher=Tennis World | date=26 March 2016 | access-date=26 April 2016 | archive-date=17 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617010822/http://www.tennisworldusa.org/French-Federation-to-Appeal-against-Roland-Garros-Modernization-suspension-articolo31293.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Renovation work finally commenced at the close of the 2018 edition of the tournament. Redeveloped seating and a retractable roof was constructed for Court Philippe-Chatrier and the new 5,000-seat Court [[Simonne Mathieu|Simonne-Mathieu]] was opened, having been named after France's second-highest achieving female tennis player, and noted for its innovative use of greenhouse encasing architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2019-day-one-court-simonnemathieu-roland-garros-paris-new-court-a8931081.html|title=Court Simonne-Mathieu stunning new addition to Roland Garros|date=2019-05-26|website=The Independent|location=London|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/french-open-2019-day-one-court-simonnemathieu-roland-garros-paris-new-court-a8931081.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The renewal of the venue has been generally well received by the players and the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/tennis/roland-garros/un-ecrin-extraordinaire-le-court-simonne-mathieu-de-roland-garros-fait-l-unanimite-chez-les-joueurs-et-spectateurs_3470487.html|title="Un écrin extraordinaire" : le court Simonne-Mathieu de Roland-Garros fait l'unanimité chez les joueurs et spectateurs|date=2019-06-02|work=France Info|language=fr|access-date=2019-06-02|archive-date=2 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602152852/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/tennis/roland-garros/un-ecrin-extraordinaire-le-court-simonne-mathieu-de-roland-garros-fait-l-unanimite-chez-les-joueurs-et-spectateurs_3470487.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2020 edition of the tournament, which was the first to be assisted by the roof over Philippe-Chatrier, was postponed to late September and early October and was played in front of limited spectators, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/sports/tennis/french-open-preview.html|title=New for This Pandemic French Open: Fall Weather and Lights|work=The New York Times|date=27 September 2020|author=Christopher Clarey|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929114138/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/27/sports/tennis/french-open-preview.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Floodlights were also installed over each of the courts in the precinct, allowing the tournament to facilitate night matches for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tennishead.net/french-open-lights-up-as-another-tradition-dies/|title=French Open lights up as another tradition dies|date=21 September 2020|work=tennishead.net|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028005930/https://tennishead.net/french-open-lights-up-as-another-tradition-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, the tournament was back in the traditional slot of late May and early June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/56672564|title=French Open postponed by one week in hope more fans can attend|publisher=BBC|date=8 April 2021|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611211120/https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/56672564|url-status=live}}</ref>