Editing French protectorate in Morocco (section)

==Prelude==
{{Further|France–Morocco relations}}
[[File:North Africa (XIX century).jpg|left|thumb|The Maghreb in the second half of the 19th century]]
Despite the weakness of its authority, the [['Alawi dynasty]] distinguished itself in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by maintaining Morocco’s independence while other states in the region succumbed to French or British domination. However, in the second part of the nineteenth century, Morocco’s weakness and instability invited European intervention to protect threatened investments and to demand economic concessions. Following the [[Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)|Hispano-Moroccan War]] of 1859–1860, Spain obtained the recognition by Morocco of its perpetual sovereignty over [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] and the [[Chafarinas Islands]] as well as of the territory of [[Ifni]]. The first years of the twentieth century witnessed a rush of diplomatic maneuvering through which the European powers, France in particular, furthered their interests in [[North Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Furlong |first=Charles Wellington |author-link=Charles W. Furlong |date=September 1911 |title=The French Conquest Of Morocco: The Real Meaning Of The International Trouble |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXII |pages=14988–14999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14988|access-date=10 July 2009}}</ref>

French activity in Morocco began at the end of the nineteenth century. In 1904, the French government was trying to establish a protectorate over Morocco and had managed to sign two bilateral secret agreements with Britain (8 April 1904, see [[Entente cordiale]]) and Spain (7 October 1904), which guaranteed the support of the powers in question in this endeavor. That same year, France sponsored the creation of the [[Moroccan Debt Administration]] in [[Tangier]]. France and Spain secretly partitioned the territory of the sultanate, with Spain receiving concessions in the far north and south of the country.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxZE3-K3AR4C&pg=PA41|title=Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962, The|last=Laskier|first=Michael M.|date=1 February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438410166|pages=41|language=en}}</ref>

===First Moroccan Crisis: March 1905 – May 1906===
{{Main|First Moroccan Crisis|Algeciras Conference}}

The [[First Moroccan Crisis]] took place owing to the [[Scramble for Africa|imperial rivalries]] of the great powers, in this case, between [[Germany]] on one side and France, with British support, on the other. Germany took immediate diplomatic action to block the new accord from going into effect, including the dramatic visit of [[Wilhelm II]] to [[Tangier]] on 31 March 1905. Kaiser Wilhelm tried to get Morocco's support if they went to war with France or Britain, and gave a speech expressing support for Moroccan independence, which amounted to a provocative challenge to French influence in Morocco.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Si7vcLMvBAC&pg=PA166|title=The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865–1925|last=Lowe|first=John|date=1994|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780415104449|pages=166|language=en}}</ref>

In 1906, the [[Algeciras Conference]] was held to settle the dispute. Germany accepted an agreement in which France agreed to yield control of the Moroccan police, but otherwise retained effective control of [[Politics of Morocco|Moroccan political]] and [[Finance in Morocco|financial]] affairs. Although the [[Algeciras Conference]] temporarily solved the First Moroccan Crisis it only worsened international tensions between the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] and the [[Triple Entente]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA8|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|last=Olson|first=James Stuart|date=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313262579|pages=8|language=en}}</ref>

===French invasion===
{{Main|Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|Émile Mauchamp|French conquest of Morocco}}
[[File:Assassination of Dr Mauchamp in Marrakesh (1907, Petit Journal).jpg|left|thumb|The assassination of [[Émile Mauchamp|Emile Mauchamp]] in Marrakesh, taken ''[[casus belli]]'' by France]][[File:Morocco medal 22 July 1909.jpg|thumb|left|[[Morocco commemorative medal (1909)|1909 Morocco commemorative medal]]—distributed to French soldiers that participated in the [[French conquest of Morocco|French invasion of Morocco]]]]

The [[French conquest of Morocco|French military conquest of Morocco]] began in the aftermath of [[Émile Mauchamp]]'s assassination in [[Marrakesh]] on 19 March 1907.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katz |first=Jonathan |date=January 2001 |title=The 1907 Mauchamp affair and the French civilising mission in Morocco |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13629380108718426 |journal=The Journal of North African Studies |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=143–166 |doi=10.1080/13629380108718426 |s2cid=143563901 |issn=1362-9387|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the French press, his death was characterized as an "unprovoked and indefensible attack from the ''barbarous natives'' of Morocco."<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=A history of modern Morocco|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139624695|location=New York|pages=75|oclc=855022840}}</ref> [[Hubert Lyautey]] seized his death as a pretext to invade [[Oujda]] from the east.<ref name=":02" />
[[File:الدار البيضاء 1907 01.jpg|thumb|The French cruiser ''[[French cruiser Gloire (1900)|Gloire]]'' in the [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|Bombardment of Casablanca]] August 1907, printed on a postcard]]
In the summer of 1907, tribes of the [[Chaouia (Morocco)|Chaouia]] led a revolt against the application of terms of the [[Algeciras Conference|1906 Treaty of Algeciras]] in Casablanca, killing nine European laborers working on the rail line between the port and a quarry in [[Roches Noires, Morocco|Roches Noires]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914|last=Adam|first=André|publisher=Ophrys|year=1968|location=Aix-en-Provence}}</ref> The French responded with a naval [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|bombardment of Casablanca]] from 5–7 August, and went on to occupy and "pacify" Casablanca and the [[Chaouia (Morocco)|Chaouia plain]], marking the beginning of the French invasion from the west.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adam|first=André|date=1969|title=Sur l'action du Galilée à Casablanca en août 1907|journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée|volume=6|issue=1|pages=9–21|doi=10.3406/remmm.1969.1002}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k617976v|title=Le Petit journal|last=texte|first=Parti social français Auteur du|date=6 August 1907|website=Gallica|language=EN|access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

===Hafidiya===
{{Main|Hafidiya}}
Sultan [[Abdelaziz of Morocco|Abdelaziz]] did virtually nothing in response to French aggressions and occupation of Oujda and [[Chaouia (Morocco)|Chaouia.]] As a result, there was growing pressure for a [[jihad]] in defense of Morocco, particularly from [[Muhammad al-Kattani]] and the people of Fes. After the southern aristocrats pledged support to the sultan's brother, [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]], the people of Fes also pledged their support, though qualified by an unprecedented [[Conditional Bay'ah]].<ref>{{Cite book|date=11 April 2020|title=Fikrat al-dustūr fī al-Maghrib: wathāʼiq wa-nuṣūṣ (1901–2011) (Buch, 2017) [WorldCat.org]|oclc=994641823|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994641823|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411023023/https://www.worldcat.org/title/fikrat-al-dustur-fi-al-maghrib-wathaiq-wa-nusus-1901-2011/oclc/994641823|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2020|access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> France supported Abdelaziz and promoted him in their propaganda newspaper ''[[Es-Saada]]'' ({{Lang|ar|السعادة}}).<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 May 2015|title=جريدة "السعادة" التي كانت لسانا ناطقا باسم الاحتلال الفرنسي في المغرب|url=http://howiyapress.com/8571-2/|access-date=24 June 2019|website=هوية بريس|language=ar}}</ref> After defeating Abdelaziz in battle in 1908, Abd al-Hafid became the recognized leader of Morocco in 1909.

===Agadir Crisis===
{{Main|Agadir Crisis}}
{{Franco-Moroccan conflicts}}
[[File:Maroc preco.jpg|thumb|250px|left|French [[artillery]] at [[Rabat]] in 1911]]

In 1911, a rebellion broke out against Abd al-Hafid. By early April 1911, the Sultan was besieged in his palace in [[Fes|Fez]] and the French prepared to send troops to help suppress the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property. The French dispatched a [[flying column]] at the end of April 1911 and [[Germany]] gave approval for the occupation of the city. [[Military history of Morocco|Moroccan forces]] besieged the French-occupied city. Approximately one month later, French forces brought the siege to an end. On 5 June 1911 the Spanish occupied [[Larache]] and Alcazaquibir ([[Ksar-el-Kebir]]). On 1 July 1911, the German gunboat Panther arrived at the port of [[Agadir]]. There was an immediate reaction from the French, supported by the British.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdXVqWtfyLMC&pg=PA83|title=Currency and Coercion: The Political Economy of International Monetary Power|last=Kirshner|first=Jonathan|date=1997|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0691016267|pages=83|language=en}}</ref>