Editing Fricative (section)

==Types==
The airflow is not completely stopped in the production of fricative consonants. In other words, the airflow experiences [[friction]].

===Sibilants===
* {{IPA|[s]}} [[voiceless alveolar fricative|voiceless coronal sibilant]], as in English ''s''ip
* {{IPA|[z]}} [[voiced alveolar fricative|voiced coronal sibilant]], as in English ''z''ip
** {{IPA|[s̪]}} [[voiceless dental sibilant]]
** {{IPA|[z̪]}} [[voiced dental sibilant]]
** {{IPA|[s̺]}} [[voiceless apicoalveolar fricative|voiceless apical sibilant]]
** {{IPA|[z̺]}} [[voiced apicoalveolar fricative|voiced apical sibilant]]
** {{IPA|[s̟]}} voiceless predorsal sibilant ([[laminal consonant|laminal]], with tongue tip at lower teeth)<ref>Pountain (2014) ''Exploring the Spanish Language'', p. 18</ref>
** {{IPA|[z̟]}} voiced predorsal sibilant (laminal)
** {{IPA|[s̠]}} [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|voiceless postalveolar sibilant]] (laminal)
** {{IPA|[z̠]}} [[voiced postalveolar fricative|voiced postalveolar sibilant]] (laminal)
* {{IPA|[ʃ]}} [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant]] ([[domed consonant|domed]], partially palatalized), as in English ''sh''ip
* {{IPA|[ʒ]}} [[voiced postalveolar fricative|voiced palato-alveolar sibilant]] (domed, partially palatalized), as the ''si'' in English vi''si''on
* {{IPA|[ɕ]}} [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant]] (laminal, palatalized)
* {{IPA|[ʑ]}} [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant]] (laminal, palatalized)
* {{IPA|[ʂ]}} [[voiceless retroflex fricative|voiceless retroflex sibilant]] ([[apical consonant|apical]] or [[subapical consonant|subapical]])
* {{IPA|[ʐ]}} [[voiced retroflex fricative|voiced retroflex sibilant]] (apical or subapical)

All [[sibilants]] are [[coronal consonant|coronal]], but may be [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]], or [[palatal consonant|palatal]] ([[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]) within that range. However, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the tongue may take several shapes: domed, [[laminal consonant|laminal]], or [[apical consonant|apical]], and each of these is given a separate symbol and a separate name. Prototypical retroflexes are [[subapical consonant|subapical]] and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars. The alveolars and dentals may also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated with diacritics rather than with separate symbols.

===Central non-sibilant fricatives===
* {{IPA|[ɸ]}} [[voiceless bilabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[β]}} [[voiced bilabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[f]}} [[voiceless labiodental fricative]], as in English ''f''ine
* {{IPA|[v]}} [[voiced labiodental fricative]], as in English ''v''ine
* {{IPA|[θ̼]}} [[voiceless linguolabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ð̼]}} [[voiced linguolabial fricative]]
* {{IPA|[θ], [θ̟]}} [[voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative]], as in English ''th''ing
* {{IPA|[ð], [ð̟]}} [[voiced dental non-sibilant fricative]], as in English ''th''at
* {{IPA|[θ̠], [ɹ̝̊]}} [[voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ð̠], [ɹ̝]}} [[voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative]]
* {{IPA|[r̝̊]}} [[Voiceless alveolar fricative trill]]
* {{IPA|[r̝]}} [[Voiced alveolar fricative trill]]
* {{IPA|[ç]}} [[voiceless palatal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʝ]}} [[voiced palatal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[x]}} [[voiceless velar fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɣ]}} [[voiced velar fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɧ]}} [[voiceless palatal-velar fricative]] (articulation disputed)

The IPA also has letters for epiglottal fricatives,
* {{IPA|[ʜ]}} [[voiceless epiglottal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʢ]}} [[voiced epiglottal fricative]]
with allophonic trilling, but these might be better analyzed as pharyngeal trills.<ref>John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) ''The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences'', 2nd ed., p 695.</ref>

* {{IPA|[ʩ]}} [[voiceless velopharyngeal fricative]] (often occurs with a [[cleft palate]])
* {{IPA|[ʩ̬]}} [[voiceless velopharyngeal fricative|voiced velopharyngeal fricative]]

===Lateral fricatives===
* {{IPA|[ɬ̪]}} [[voiceless dental lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɮ̪]}} [[voiced dental lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɬ]}} [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɮ]}} [[voiced alveolar lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɬ̠]}} [[voiceless postalveolar lateral fricative]] ([[Mehri language|Mehri]])
* {{IPA|[ɮ̠]}} [[voiced postalveolar lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɭ˔̥]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[ꞎ]}} [[voiceless retroflex lateral fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ɭ˔]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[𝼅]}} [[Voiced retroflex lateral fricative]] (in [[Ao language|Ao]])
* {{IPA|[ʎ̥˔]}} or {{IPA|[ʎ̝̥]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[𝼆]}} [[voiceless palatal lateral fricative]] 
* {{IPA|[ʎ̝]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[𝼆̬]}} [[voiced palatal lateral fricative]] (allophonic in [[Jebero language|Jebero]])
* {{IPA|[ʟ̝̊]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[𝼄]}} [[voiceless velar lateral fricative]] 
* {{IPA|[ʟ̝]}} or extIPA {{IPA|[𝼄̬]}} [[voiced velar lateral fricative]]

The lateral fricative occurs as the ''ll'' of [[Welsh phonology|Welsh]], as in ''[[Lloyd (name)|Lloyd]]'', ''[[Llewellyn (name)|Llewelyn]]'', and ''[[Machynlleth]]'' ({{IPA|[maˈxənɬɛθ]}}, a town), as the unvoiced 'hl' and voiced 'dl' or 'dhl' in the several languages of Southern Africa  (such as [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]]), and in Mongolian.

* {{IPA|ʪ}} or {{IPA|[ɬ͜s]}} and {{IPA|[θ͜ɬ]}} [[voiceless lateral-median fricative]] (a [[lateral lisp|laterally lisped]] {{IPA|[s]}} or {{IPA|[θ]}}) (Modern South Arabian)
* {{IPA|ʫ}} or {{IPA|[ɮ͜z]}} and {{IPA|[ð͜ɮ]}} [[voiced lateral-median fricative]] (a laterally lisped {{IPA|[z]}} or {{IPA|[ð]}}) (Modern South Arabian)

===IPA letters used for both fricatives and approximants===
* {{IPA|[χ]}} [[voiceless uvular fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʁ]}} [[voiced uvular fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ħ]}} [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]]
* {{IPA|[ʕ]}} [[voiced pharyngeal fricative]]

No language distinguishes fricatives from [[approximants]] at these places, so the same symbol is used for both. For the pharyngeal, approximants are more numerous than fricatives. A fricative realization may be specified by adding the [[raised (phonetics)|uptack]] to the letters, {{IPA|[χ̝, ʁ̝, ħ̝, ʕ̝]}}. Likewise, the [[lowered (phonetics)|downtack]] may be added to specify an approximant realization, {{IPA|[χ̞, ʁ̞, ħ̞, ʕ̞]}}.

(The [[bilabial approximant]] and [[dental approximant]] do not have dedicated symbols either and are transcribed in a similar fashion: {{IPA|[β̞, ð̞]}}. However, the base letters are understood to specifically refer to the fricatives.)

===Pseudo-fricatives===

* {{IPA|[h]}} [[voiceless glottal fricative|voiceless glottal transition]], as in English ''hat''
* {{IPA|[ɦ]}} [[voiced glottal fricative|breathy-voiced glottal transition]]

In many languages, such as English or Korean, the glottal "fricatives" are unaccompanied [[phonation]] states of the glottis, without any accompanying [[manner of articulation|manner]], fricative or otherwise. They may be mistaken for real glottal constrictions in a number of languages, such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Laufer|1991|p=91}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Aspiration}}Aspirated fricatives===
Fricatives are very commonly voiced, though cross-linguistically voiced fricatives are not nearly as common as [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] ("plain") fricatives.  Other [[phonation]]s are common in languages that have those phonations in their stop consonants.  However, phonemically [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] fricatives are rare.  {{IPA|/s~sʰ/}} contrasts with a tense, unaspirated {{IPA|/s͈/}} in [[Korean language|Korean]]; aspirated fricatives are also found in a few [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], in some [[Oto-Manguean languages]], in the Siouan language [[Ofo language|Ofo]] ({{IPA|/sʰ/}} and {{IPA|/fʰ/}}), and in the (central?) [[Chumash languages]] ({{IPA|/sʰ/}} and {{IPA|/ʃʰ/}}). The record may be [[Cone Tibetan language|Cone Tibetan]], which has four contrastive aspirated fricatives: {{IPA|/sʰ/}} {{IPA|/ɕʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ʂʰ/}}, and {{IPA|/xʰ/}}.<ref>Guillaume Jacques 2011. A panchronic study of aspirated fricatives, with new evidence from Pumi, ''Lingua'' 121.9:1518-1538</ref>

===Nasalized fricatives===
Phonemically [[nasalization|nasalized]] fricatives are rare. [[Umbundu]] has {{IPA|/ṽ/}} and Kwangali and [[Souletin dialect|Souletin Basque]] have {{IPA|/h̃/}}. In [[Coatzospan Mixtec]], {{IPA|[β̃, ð̃, s̃, ʃ̃]}} appear allophonically before a nasal vowel, and in Igbo nasality is a feature of the syllable; when {{IPA|/f v s z ʃ ʒ/}} occur in nasal syllables they are themselves nasalized.<ref>Laver (1994: 255&ndash;256) ''Principles of Phonetics''</ref>

----
{|class="wikitable"
|+Types of fricative{{efn|There are likely to be more aspirated, murmured and nasal fricatives than shown here. {{angbr IPA|s̄ ṣ ŝ}} are not IPA transcription.}}
! ||bilabial||labio-<br>dental||linguo-<br>labial||inter-<br>dental||dental||denti-<br>alveolar||alveolar||post-<br>alveolar||palatal/<br>retroflex||velar||uvular||pharyn-<br>geal||glottal
|-align=center
!central non-sibilant
|rowspan=2|{{IPA|ɸ β}}||rowspan=2|{{IPA|f v}} <br>{{IPA|fʰ vʱ}}||{{IPA|θ̼ ð̼}}||{{nowrap|{{IPA|θ̟ ð̟  (θ̪͆ ð̪͆)}}}}||{{IPA|θ ð}}||{{IPA|θ̠ ð̠}}||{{nowrap|{{IPA|θ͇ ð͇}} <small>(laminal)</small>}}<br>{{IPA|ɹ̝̊ ɹ̝}} <small>(apical)</small>||{{IPA|ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔}}||{{IPA|ç ʝ}} <small>(laminal)</small><br>{{IPA|ɻ̝̊ ɻ̝}} <small>(apical)</small>||{{IPA|x ɣ}} <br>{{IPA|xʰ ɣʱ}}||{{IPA|χ̝ ʁ̝}}||{{IPA|ħ̝ ʕ̝}}||{{IPA|h̝}} <br>{{IPA|ɦ̝}}
|-align=center
![[lateral fricative]]
| || ||{{IPA|ɬ̪ ɮ̪}}|| ||{{IPA|ɬ ɮ}}<br>{{IPA|ɬʰ ɮʱ}}|| {{IPA|ɬ̠ ɮ̠}} ||{{nowrap|{{IPA|𝼆 ʎ̝}} <small>(laminal)</small>}}<br>{{IPA|ꞎ ɭ˔}} <small>(apical)</small>||{{IPA|𝼄 ʟ̝}}||
!colspan=2|
|-align=center
!laminal [[sibilant]]
!colspan=4| 
|{{IPA|s̻̪ z̻̪}} ||{{nowrap|{{IPA|s̄ z̄}} ({{IPA|s̟ z̟}})}}||{{IPA|{{IPA|s͇ z͇}}}} <br>{{IPA|s͇ʰ z͇ʱ}}||{{IPA|s̠ z̠}} ({{IPA|s̻̠ z̻̠}})<br>{{nowrap|{{IPA|ʃ̻ ʒ̻}} <small>(domed)</small>}}<br>{{nowrap|{{IPA|ŝ ẑ}} ({{IPA|ʆ ʓ}}) <small>(closed)</small>}}||{{IPA|ɕ ʑ}} <br>{{IPA|ɕʰ ʑʱ}}
!colspan=4| 
|-align=center
!apical sibilant
!colspan=4| 
|{{IPA|s̺̪ z̺̪}}
!
|{{IPA|s̺ z̺}}||{{nowrap|{{IPA|ṣ ẓ}} ({{IPA|s̺̠ z̺̠}})}}<br>{{IPA|ʃ̺ ʒ̺}}<br>ʃʰ ʒʱ||{{IPA|ʂ ʐ}} <br>{{IPA|ʂʰ ʐʱ}}
!colspan=4| 
|-align=center
![[fricative trill (disambiguation)|fricative trill]]
|colspan=6| ||{{IPA|r̝̊ r̝}}
|
!colspan=2| 
|{{IPA|ʀ̝̊ ʀ̝}}
|{{IPA|ʜ ʢ}}
!
|-align=center
![[fricative flap (disambiguation)|fricative flap]]
|colspan=6| ||{{IPA|ɾ̞̊ ɾ̞}}
|
!colspan=2| 
|
|
!
|-align=center
!nasalized fricative
| {{IPA|ɸ̃ β̃}}||{{IPA|f̃ ṽ}}|| || ||{{IPA|θ̃ ð̃}}|| ||{{IPA|s̃ z̃}}||{{IPA|ʃ̃ ʒ̃}}|| || || || ||{{IPA|h̃}}
|}