Editing GANEFO (section)

== Sports and politics at GANEFO ==
[[File:GANEFO Stadium.jpg|thumb|1st GANEFO]]
[[Indonesia]] established GANEFO in the aftermath of IOC censure for the politically charged fourth edition of [[1962 Asian Games|Asian Games in 1962]] in [[Jakarta]] which Indonesia hosted and for which [[Chinese Taipei at the Asian Games|Taiwan]] and [[Israel at the Asian Games|Israel]] were refused entry cards. This ran against the doctrine of the [[International Olympic Committee]], which strove to separate politics from sport.  The IOC's eventual reaction was to suspend Indonesia indefinitely from the IOC. Indonesia had “thrown down a challenge to all international amateur sports organizations, which cannot very well be ignored,” in the words of IOC president [[Avery Brundage]]. This was the first time the IOC suspended one of its members, although Indonesia was readmitted in time for the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/24926/files/?ln=en|title=The Olympic Movement's Response to the Challenge of Emerging Nationalism in Sport: An Historical Reconsideration of GANEFO|last=Field|first=Russell|publisher=University of Manitoba|year=2011|location=Winnipeg}}</ref>

Indonesian president [[Sukarno]] responded that the IOC was itself political because it did not have the [[China|People's Republic of China]] or [[North Vietnam]] as members; the IOC was simply "a tool of the [[Imperialism|imperialists]] and [[Colonialism|colonialists]]."<ref name=":0" /> 
In his words: “The International Olympic Games have proved to be openly an imperialistic tool… Now let’s frankly say, sports have something to do with politics. Indonesia proposes now to mix sports with politics, and let us now establish the Games of the New Emerging Forces, the GANEFO… against the Old Established Order.” <ref name="Boykoff">{{cite book|title=A Political History of the Olympics|author=Jules Boykoff|year=2016 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781784780722}}</ref> GANEFO itself would make it clear in its constitution that [[politics]] and [[sport]] were intertwined. The event was inspired by the [[Anti-Western sentiment|anti-Western]], [[Decolonization|anti-colonial]] movement and the ideas of the [[Bandung Conference|1955 Bandung Conference]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Lutan |first1=Rusli |last2=Hong |first2=Fan |date=September 2005 |title=The politicization of sport: GANEFO–A case study |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17430430500260503 |journal=Sport in Society |language=en |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=425–439 |doi=10.1080/17430430500260503 |issn=1743-0437|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Ten countries ([[Cambodia]], China, [[Guinea]], Indonesia, [[Iraq]], [[Mali]], [[Pakistan]], Vietnam, and the [[Soviet Union|USSR]]) announced plans to form GANEFO in April 1963, and another 36 signed on as members in November 1963.<ref name=":0" /> Despite its doctrine of separating sports and politics, the IOC nevertheless decreed that the athletes attending GANEFO would be ineligible to participate in the Olympic Games.

Sukarno would later form, with Chinese support, a ''Conference of New Emerging Forces, or'' [[CONEFO]] (''Conference of New Emerging Forces).''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://megamercusuar.blogspot.ca/2012/02/conefo-conference-of-new-emerging.html|title=Fakta Sejarah: CONEFO}}</ref>