Editing Gabapentin (section)

==Medical uses==
Gabapentin is recommended for use in [[focal seizure]]s and [[neuropathic pain]].<ref name="Neurontin label" /><ref name="NICE">{{cite web |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg173/chapter/1-Recommendations |title=1 Recommendations &#124; Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings &#124; Guidance |website=[[National Institute for Health and Care Excellence]] (NICE) |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref> Gabapentin is prescribed [[off-label]] in the US and the UK,<ref name="pmid30480717">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montastruc F, Loo SY, Renoux C | title = Trends in First Gabapentin and Pregabalin Prescriptions in Primary Care in the United Kingdom, 1993-2017 | journal = JAMA | volume = 320 | issue = 20 | pages = 2149–2151 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30480717 | pmc = 6583557 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2018.12358 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid30907944">{{cite journal | vauthors = Goodman CW, Brett AS | title = A Clinical Overview of Off-label Use of Gabapentinoid Drugs | journal = JAMA Internal Medicine | volume = 179 | issue = 5 | pages = 695–701 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30907944 | doi = 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0086 | s2cid = 85497732 }}</ref> for example, for the treatment of non-neuropathic pain,<ref name="pmid30480717"/> [[anxiety disorder]]s, sleep problems and [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Sobel2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Sobel SV |title = Successful Psychopharmacology: Evidence-Based Treatment Solutions for Achieving Remission |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dnAlO_Veu2QC&pg=PA124 |date = 5 November 2012 |publisher = W. W. Norton |isbn = 978-0-393-70857-8 |page = 124 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106173227/https://books.google.com/books?id=dnAlO_Veu2QC&pg=PA124 |archive-date = 6 January 2016 }}</ref> In recent years, gabapentin has seen increased use, particularly in the elderly.<ref>{{Cite news | vauthors = Span P | date = 17 August 2024 | title = The Painkiller Used for Just About Anything |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/17/health/gabapentin-seniors-pain.html |access-date=28 Jan 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> There is concern regarding gabapentin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions, its proven side effects and its potential for misuse and physical/psychological dependency.<ref name="NIHR Evidence_2022" /><ref name="Hong_2022" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tran KT, Hranicky D, Lark T, Jacob NJ | title = Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome in the presence of a taper | journal = Bipolar Disorders | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 302–4 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15898970 | doi = 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00200.x }}</ref> Some harms, including nervous system harms, have been underreported in published trials of gabapentin, potentially resulting in the underestimation of harms in guidelines for the use of gabapentin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mayo-Wilson E, Qureshi R, Hong H, Chen X, Li T | title = Harms were detected but not reported in six clinical trials of gabapentin | journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology | volume = 164 | pages = 76–87 | date = December 2023 | pmid = 37871835 | doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.10.014 | url = https://osf.io/ej7fp }}</ref>

===Seizures===
Gabapentin is approved for the treatment of focal seizures;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Johannessen SI, Ben-Menachem E | title = Management of focal-onset seizures: an update on drug treatment | journal = Drugs | volume = 66 | issue = 13 | pages = 1701–1725 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16978035 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200666130-00004 | s2cid = 46952737 }}</ref> however, it is not effective for [[generalized epilepsy]].<ref name="pmid24798217">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rheims S, Ryvlin P | title = Pharmacotherapy for tonic-clonic seizures | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 1417–1426 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24798217 | doi = 10.1517/14656566.2014.915029 | s2cid = 6943460 }}</ref>

===Neuropathic pain===
Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment for chronic neuropathic pain by various medical authorities.<ref name="NICE"/><ref name=Attal2010 /><ref name="pmid17372630">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moulin DE, Clark AJ, Gilron I, Ware MA, Watson CP, Sessle BJ, Coderre T, Morley-Forster PK, Stinson J, Boulanger A, Peng P, Finley GA, Taenzer P, Squire P, Dion D, Cholkan A, Gilani A, Gordon A, Henry J, Jovey R, Lynch M, Mailis-Gagnon A, Panju A, Rollman GB, Velly A | title = Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain - consensus statement and guidelines from the Canadian Pain Society | journal = Pain Research & Management | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–21 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17372630 | pmc = 2670721 | doi = 10.1155/2007/730785 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid25575710">{{cite journal | vauthors = Finnerup NB, Attal N, Haroutounian S, McNicol E, Baron R, Dworkin RH, Gilron I, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Kamerman PR, Lund K, Moore A, Raja SN, Rice AS, Rowbotham M, Sena E, Siddall P, Smith BH, Wallace M | title = Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Neurology | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 162–173 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25575710 | pmc = 4493167 | doi = 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70251-0 }}</ref> This is a general recommendation applicable to all neuropathic pain syndromes except for [[trigeminal neuralgia]], where it may be used as a second- or third-line agent.<ref name=Attal2010 /><ref name="pmid25575710"/>

Regarding the specific diagnoses, a systematic review has found evidence for gabapentin to provide pain relief for some people with [[postherpetic neuralgia]] and [[diabetic neuropathy]].<ref name=Wiffen2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, Rice AS, Tölle TR, Phillips T, Moore RA | title = Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | pages = CD007938 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28597471 | pmc = 6452908 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4 | hdl = 10044/1/52908 }}</ref> Gabapentin is approved for the former indication in the US.<ref name="Neurontin label" /> In addition to these two neuropathies, [[European Federation of Neurological Societies]] guideline notes gabapentin effectiveness for [[central pain]].<ref name=Attal2010 /> A combination of gabapentin with an [[opioid]] or [[nortriptyline]] may work better than either drug alone.<ref name=Attal2010 /><ref name="pmid25575710" />

Gabapentin shows substantial benefit (at least 50% pain relief or a patient global impression of change (PGIC) "very much improved") for neuropathic pain (postherpetic neuralgia or peripheral diabetic neuropathy) in 30–40% of subjects treated as compared to those treated with [[placebo]].<ref name=Wiffen2017/><!-- Not summarized in quite the same way in the cited source. -->

Evidence finds little or no benefit and significant risk in those with chronic [[low back pain]] or [[sciatica]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, AlAmri R, Kamath S, Thabane L, Devereaux PJ, Bhandari M | title = Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = e1002369 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28809936 | pmc = 5557428 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Enke O, New HA, New CH, Mathieson S, McLachlan AJ, Latimer J, Maher CG, Lin CC | title = Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = CMAJ | volume = 190 | issue = 26 | pages = E786–E793 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29970367 | pmc = 6028270 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.171333 }}</ref> Gabapentin is not effective in [[HIV]]-associated [[Peripheral neuropathy|sensory neuropathy]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Phillips TJ, Cherry CL, Cox S, Marshall SJ, Rice AS | title = Pharmacological treatment of painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 12 | pages = e14433 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21203440 | pmc = 3010990 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0014433 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...514433P }}</ref> and neuropathic pain due to [[cancer]].<ref name="pmid29486015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moore A, Derry S, Wiffen P | title = Gabapentin for Chronic Neuropathic Pain | journal = JAMA | volume = 319 | issue = 8 | pages = 818–819 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29486015 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2017.21547 }}</ref>

===Anxiety===
There is a small amount of research on the use of gabapentin for the treatment of anxiety disorders.<ref name="pmid17502773">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mula M, Pini S, Cassano GB | title = The role of anticonvulsant drugs in anxiety disorders: a critical review of the evidence | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–272 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17502773 | doi = 10.1097/jcp.0b013e318059361a | s2cid = 38188832 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29579375">{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenblatt HK, Greenblatt DJ | title = Gabapentin and Pregabalin for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders | journal = Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | pages = 228–232 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29579375 | doi = 10.1002/cpdd.446 | s2cid = 4321472 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Gabapentin is effective for the long-term treatment of [[social anxiety disorder]] and in reducing [[Preoperational anxiety|preoperative anxiety]].<ref name="NIHR Evidence_2022">{{cite journal |date=17 October 2022 |title=Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/review-finds-little-evidence-support-gabapentinoid-use-bipolar-disorder-or-insomnia/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_54173|s2cid=252983016 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Hong_2022">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, Harrison PJ, Cipriani A | title = Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 1339–1349 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 34819636 | pmc = 9095464 | doi = 10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6 }}</ref>

In a controlled trial of breast cancer survivors with anxiety,<ref name="pmid29579375"/> and a trial for social phobia,<ref name="pmid17502773"/> gabapentin significantly reduced anxiety levels.

For [[panic disorder]], gabapentin has produced mixed results.<ref name="pmid29579375" /><ref name="pmid17502773" /><ref name="Hong_2022" />

===Sleep===
Gabapentin is effective in treating sleep disorders such as insomnia and [[restless legs syndrome]] that are the result of an underlying illness, but comes with some risk of [[Medication discontinuation|discontinuation]] and [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal symptoms]] after prolonged use at higher doses.<ref name="pmid28769860">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu GJ, Karim MR, Xu LL, Wang SL, Yang C, Ding L, Wang YF | title = Efficacy and Tolerability of Gabapentin in Adults with Sleep Disturbance in Medical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Frontiers in Neurology | volume = 8 | pages = 316 | date = 2017 | pmid = 28769860 | pmc = 5510619 | doi = 10.3389/fneur.2017.00316 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Gabapentin enhances [[slow-wave sleep]] in people with primary insomnia. It also improves sleep quality by elevating sleep efficiency and decreasing spontaneous [[arousal]].<ref name="pmid20124884">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lo HS, Yang CM, Lo HG, Lee CY, Ting H, Tzang BS | title = Treatment effects of gabapentin for primary insomnia | journal = Clinical Neuropharmacology | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 84–90 | date = 2010 | pmid = 20124884 | doi = 10.1097/WNF.0b013e3181cda242 | s2cid = 4046961 }}</ref>

===Drug dependence===
Gabapentin is moderately effective in reducing the symptoms of [[alcohol withdrawal]] and associated craving.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muncie HL, Yasinian Y, Oge' L | title = Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 88 | issue = 9 | pages = 589–595 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24364635 }}</ref><ref name="Berlin_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berlin RK, Butler PM, Perloff MD | title = Gabapentin Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review | journal = The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26835178 | pmc = 4732322 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.15r01821 }}</ref><ref name="pmid31461226">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahmed S, Stanciu CN, Kotapati PV, Ahmed R, Bhivandkar S, Khan AM, Afridi A, Qureshi M, Esang M | title = Effectiveness of Gabapentin in Reducing Cravings and Withdrawal in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review | journal = The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31461226 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.19r02465 | s2cid = 201662179 }}</ref> The evidence in favor of gabapentin is weak in the treatment of [[alcoholism]]: it does not contribute to the achievement of abstinence, and the data on the relapse of heavy drinking and percent of days abstinent do not robustly favor gabapentin; it only decreases the percent days of heavy drinking.<ref name="pmid31077485">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kranzler HR, Feinn R, Morris P, Hartwell EE | title = A meta-analysis of the efficacy of gabapentin for treating alcohol use disorder | journal = Addiction | volume = 114 | issue = 9 | pages = 1547–1555 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31077485 | pmc = 6682454 | doi = 10.1111/add.14655 }}</ref>

Gabapentin is ineffective in cocaine dependence and methamphetamine use,<ref name="pmid29241365">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mason BJ, Quello S, Shadan F | title = Gabapentin for the treatment of alcohol use disorder | journal = Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 113–124 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29241365 | pmc = 5957503 | doi = 10.1080/13543784.2018.1417383 }}</ref> and it does not increase the rate of [[smoking cessation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sood A, Ebbert JO, Wyatt KD, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Sood R, Hays JT | title = Gabapentin for smoking cessation | journal = Nicotine & Tobacco Research | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 300–304 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20081039 | pmc = 2825098 | doi = 10.1093/ntr/ntp195 }}</ref> While some studies indicate that gabapentin does not significantly reduce the symptoms of [[Opioid withdrawal|opiate withdrawal]], there is increasing evidence that gabapentinoids are effective in controlling some of the symptoms during opiate detoxification. A clinical study in Iran, where heroin dependence is a significant social and public health problem, showed gabapentin produced positive results during an inpatient therapy program, particularly by reducing opioid-induced [[hyperalgesia]] and [[drug craving]].<ref name="pmid24250527">{{cite journal | vauthors = Behnam B, Semnani V, Saghafi N, Ghorbani R, Dianak Shori M, Ghooshchian Choobmasjedi S | title = Gabapentin Effect on Pain Associated with Heroin Withdrawal in Iranian Crack: a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial | journal = Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 979–983 | date = 2012 | pmid = 24250527 | pmc = 3813133 }}</ref><ref name="pmid29241365"/> There is insufficient evidence for its use in [[Cannabis use disorder|cannabis dependence]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nielsen S, Gowing L, Sabioni P, Le Foll B | title = Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = CD008940 | date = January 2019 | pmid = 30687936 | pmc = 6360924 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008940.pub3 }}</ref>

===Other===
Gabapentin is recommended as a first-line treatment of the acquired [[pendular nystagmus]], torsional nystagmus, and infantile nystagmus; however, it does not work in periodic alternating nystagmus.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McLean RJ, Gottlob I | title = The pharmacological treatment of nystagmus: a review | journal = Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = 1805–1816 | date = August 2009 | pmid = 19601699 | doi = 10.1517/14656560902978446 | s2cid = 21477128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22072056">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thurtell MJ, Leigh RJ | title = Treatment of nystagmus | journal = Current Treatment Options in Neurology | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–72 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22072056 | doi = 10.1007/s11940-011-0154-5 | s2cid = 40370476 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22661344">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mehta AR, Kennard C | title = The pharmacological treatment of acquired nystagmus | journal = Practical Neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 147–153 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22661344 | doi = 10.1136/practneurol-2011-000181 | s2cid = 1950738 }}</ref>

Gabapentin decreases the frequency of [[hot flash]]es in both menopausal women and people with breast cancer. However, antidepressants have similar efficacy, and treatment with [[estrogen]] more effectively prevents hot flashes.<ref name="pmid31870736">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan D, Zou L, Liu X, Shen Y, Cai Y, Zhang J | title = Efficacy and safety of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with vasomotor symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 222 | issue = 6 | pages = 564–579.e12 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 31870736 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.12.011 | s2cid = 209462426 }}</ref>

Gabapentin reduces [[spasticity]] in [[multiple sclerosis]] and is prescribed as one of the first-line options.<ref name="pmid27207462">{{cite journal | vauthors = Otero-Romero S, Sastre-Garriga J, Comi G, Hartung HP, Soelberg Sørensen P, Thompson AJ, Vermersch P, Gold R, Montalban X | title = Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and consensus paper | journal = Multiple Sclerosis | volume = 22 | issue = 11 | pages = 1386–1396 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27207462 | doi = 10.1177/1352458516643600 | s2cid = 25028259 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1496196/ }}</ref> It is an established treatment of [[restless legs syndrome]].<ref name="pmid29756335">{{cite journal | vauthors = Winkelmann J, Allen RP, Högl B, Inoue Y, Oertel W, Salminen AV, Winkelman JW, Trenkwalder C, Sampaio C | title = Treatment of restless legs syndrome: Evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice (Revised 2017)<sup>§</sup> | journal = Movement Disorders | volume = 33 | issue = 7 | pages = 1077–1091 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29756335 | doi = 10.1002/mds.27260 | s2cid = 21669996 }}</ref> Gabapentin alleviates itching in kidney failure ([[uremic pruritus]])<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Berger TG, Steinhoff M | title = Pruritus and renal failure | journal = Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–100 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21767770 | pmc = 3692272 | doi = 10.1016/j.sder.2011.04.005 | doi-broken-date = 1 November 2024 }}</ref><ref name="pmid33283264">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hercz D, Jiang SH, Webster AC | title = Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2020 | issue = 12 | pages = CD011393 | date = December 2020 | pmid = 33283264 | pmc = 8094883 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011393.pub2 }}</ref> and itching of other causes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anand S | title = Gabapentin for pruritus in palliative care | journal = The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 192–196 | date = March 2013 | pmid = 22556282 | doi = 10.1177/1049909112445464 | s2cid = 39737885 }}</ref> It may be an option in [[essential tremor|essential]] or [[orthostatic tremor]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schneider SA, Deuschl G | title = The treatment of tremor | journal = Neurotherapeutics | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 128–138 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24142589 | pmc = 3899476 | doi = 10.1007/s13311-013-0230-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zesiewicz TA, Elble RJ, Louis ED, Gronseth GS, Ondo WG, Dewey RB, Okun MS, Sullivan KL, Weiner WJ | title = Evidence-based guideline update: treatment of essential tremor: report of the Quality Standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology | journal = Neurology | volume = 77 | issue = 19 | pages = 1752–1755 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22013182 | pmc = 3208950 | doi = 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318236f0fd }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadeghi R, Ondo WG | title = Pharmacological management of essential tremor | journal = Drugs | volume = 70 | issue = 17 | pages = 2215–2228 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21080739 | doi = 10.2165/11538180-000000000-00000 | s2cid = 10662268 }}</ref>

Gabapentin does not appear to provide benefit for [[bipolar disorder]],<ref name="Hong_2022" /><ref name="Berlin_2015"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ng QX, Han MX, Teoh SE, Yaow CY, Lim YL, Chee KT | title = A Systematic Review of the Clinical Use of Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Bipolar Disorder | journal = Pharmaceuticals | volume = 14 | issue = 9 | pages = 834 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 34577534 | pmc = 8469561 | doi = 10.3390/ph14090834 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[complex regional pain syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tran DQ, Duong S, Bertini P, Finlayson RJ | title = Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a review of the evidence | journal = Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–166 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20054678 | doi = 10.1007/s12630-009-9237-0 | title-link = doi | doi-access = free }}</ref> post-surgical pain,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamilton TW, Strickland LH, Pandit HG | title = A Meta-Analysis on the Use of Gabapentinoids for the Treatment of Acute Postoperative Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty | journal = The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume | volume = 98 | issue = 16 | pages = 1340–1350 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27535436 | doi = 10.2106/jbjs.15.01202 | url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cbe29197-14a9-47dc-b961-2ad3e24fd1c0 | access-date = 22 August 2020 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200929012600/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cbe29197-14a9-47dc-b961-2ad3e24fd1c0 | archive-date = 29 September 2020 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> or [[tinnitus]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aazh H, El Refaie A, Humphriss R | title = Gabapentin for tinnitus: a systematic review | journal = American Journal of Audiology | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–158 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21940981 | doi = 10.1044/1059-0889(2011/10-0041) }}</ref> or prevent [[episodic migraine]] in adults.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC | title = Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 6 | pages = CD010609 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23797675 | pmc = 6599858 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD010609 }}</ref>