Editing Gardner Pinnacles (section)

==History==
[[File:Log of the Kaalokai. (1909) (14592257528).jpg|thumb|A drawing of the Gardner Pinnacles in 1909|left]] 
The Gardner Pinnacles were first discovered on June 2, 1820, by the American [[whaler]] ''Maro,'' commanded by Captain Joseph Allen.<ref name="Rauzon2001"/>

In 1859, the position of the Gardner Pinnacles was determined by the survey schooner [[USS Fenimore Cooper (1853)|USS ''Fenimore Cooper'']].<ref name="Clapp 1972 pp. 1–25">{{cite journal |last=Clapp |first=Roger B. |title=The natural history of Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands |journal=Atoll Research Bulletin |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |volume=163 |year=1972 |issn=0077-5630 |doi=10.5479/si.00775630.163.1 |pages=1–25 |oclc=887851}}</ref>

The Gardner Pinnacles are home to the giant [[Cellana|opihi]] (''[[Cellana talcosa]]''), a limpet known in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] as the {{lang|haw|‘opihi ko‘ele}}, which is not found anywhere else in the world outside the Hawaiian Islands.<ref name="FWS"/> Numerous insects live on the island.<ref name="FWS"/><ref>[https://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/visit/gardner.html Gardner Pinnacles (Pūhāhonu)] Papahānaumokuākea (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands) Marine National Monument</ref>

In 1903 the Gardner Pinnacles became a part of the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation.<ref name="Clapp 1972 pp. 1–25"/> In 1940 it became a part of the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://georgehbalazs.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GARDNER-PINNACLES_ARB_|title=RogerClapp.pdf}}</ref> In the 21st century it is part of [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument]] wildlife refuge.<ref name=Garcia2020/>{{efn|name=I}}

The Gardner Pinnacles were used as an emergency helicopter landing spot for the Hawaiian HIRAN project, an effort to determine the locations of area islands with great precision for navigational purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Warren B. |date=March 1973 |title=Conservation Status of Birds of Central Pacific Islands |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |publisher=Wilson Ornithological Society |jstor=4160286 }}</ref> In the Hawaiian Archipelago, adjacent islands/reefs are [[French Frigate Shoals]] to the southeast, and [[Maro Reef]] to the northwest.