Editing Gateshead (section)

==History==
===Name origins===
Gateshead is first mentioned in Latin translation in [[Bede|Bede's]] ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People]]'' as ''ad caput caprae'' ("at the goat's head"). This interpretation is consistent with the later English attestations of the name, among them ''Gatesheued'' ({{Circa|1190}}), literally "goat's head" but in the context of a place-name meaning 'headland or hill frequented by (wild) goats'. Although other derivations have been mooted, it is this that is given by the standard authorities.<ref>Bethany Fox, ''The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland'', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007), {{cite web |url=http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html |title=Fox—The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland |access-date=9 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20180111041001/http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html |archive-date=11 January 2018 }} (appendix at {{cite web |url=http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html |title=Fox—P-Celtic Place-Names—Appendix |access-date=23 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509072208/http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 }}).</ref>

A [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]] predecessor, named with the element ''*gabro-'', 'goat' (cf. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''gafr''), may underlie the name.<ref name="pnnd">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028042996|last1=Mawer |first1=Allen |title=The Place-names of Northumberland and Durham |publisher=CUP Archive|date=1920 |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924028042996/page/n135 92] }}</ref> Gateshead might have been the [[Roman-British]] fort of ''Gabrosentum''.<ref name="pnnd" />

===Early===
There has been a settlement on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, around the old river crossing where the [[Swing Bridge, River Tyne|Swing Bridge]] now stands, since Roman times.

The first recorded mention of Gateshead is in the writings of the [[Bede|Venerable Bede]] who referred to an Abbot of Gateshead called Utta in 623. In 1068 [[William the Conqueror]] defeated the forces of [[Edgar the Ætheling]] and [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm]] king of Scotland ([[Shakespeare]]'s [[Malcolm (Macbeth)|Malcolm]]) on Gateshead Fell (now [[Low Fell]] and [[Sheriff Hill]]).

During medieval times Gateshead was under the jurisdiction of the [[Bishop of Durham]]. At this time the area was largely forest with some agricultural land. The forest was the subject of Gateshead's first charter, granted in the 12th century by [[Hugh du Puiset]], Bishop of Durham. An alternative spelling may be "Gatishevede", as seen in a legal record, dated 1430.<ref>Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; CP 40 / 677; National Archives; {{cite web |url=http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT1/H6/CP40no677/aCP40no677fronts/IMG_0752.htm |title=AALT Page |access-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518060628/http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT1/H6/CP40no677/aCP40no677fronts/IMG_0752.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 }}; last entry on the image, the home of William Philypson, a tanner.</ref>

===Industrial revolution===
Throughout the [[Industrial Revolution]] the population of Gateshead expanded rapidly; between 1801 and 1901 the increase was over 100,000. This expansion resulted in the spread southwards of the town.

In 1854, a [[Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead|catastrophic explosion]] on the quayside destroyed most of Gateshead's medieval heritage, and caused widespread damage on the Newcastle side of the river.

[[Sir Joseph Swan]] lived at [[Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead]] from 1869 to 1883, where his experiments led to the invention of the [[electric light bulb]]. The house was the first in the world to be wired for domestic electric light.

In 1889 one of the largest employers ([[Hawks, Crawshay and Sons]]) closed down and unemployment has since been a burden. Up to the [[Second World War]] there were repeated newspaper reports of the unemployed sending deputations to the council to provide work. The depression years of the 1920s and 1930s created even more joblessness and the [[Team Valley]] Trading Estate was built in the mid-1930s to alleviate the situation.

===Regeneration===
[[File:Gateshead Millennium Bridge at night in January 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Gateshead Quays]] across the [[River Tyne]] at night – [[Gateshead Millennium Bridge]] and behind it [[GH Music Centre|The Glasshouse]]]]
In the late [[noughties]], Gateshead Council started to regenerate the town, with the long-term aim of making Gateshead a city.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-evening-chronicle/2008/12/17/first-shots-revealed-of-gateshead-s-future-72703-22497054/ |title=First shots revealed of Gateshead's future |work=The Evening Chronicle |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220224337/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-evening-chronicle/2008/12/17/first-shots-revealed-of-gateshead-s-future-72703-22497054/ |archive-date=20 December 2008 }}</ref> The most extensive transformation occurred in the [[Quayside]], with almost all the structures there being constructed or refurbished in this time.

In the early 2010s, regeneration refocused on the town centre. The £150&nbsp;million [[Trinity Square, Gateshead|Trinity Square]] development opened in May 2013, it incorporates student accommodation, a cinema, health centre and shops.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/gatesheads-150m-trinity-square-officially-4010568 |title=Gateshead's £150m Trinity Square is officially opened |author=Wood, Kerry |date=24 May 2013 |work=nechronicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717203010/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/gatesheads-150m-trinity-square-officially-4010568 |archive-date=17 July 2014 }}</ref> It was nominated for the [[Carbuncle Cup]] in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/carter-carpark-replacement-trinity-square-7696830 |title=Get Carter carpark replacement Trinity Square up for 'ugliest building' award |author=Metcalfe, Will |date=1 September 2014 |work=nechronicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903084533/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/carter-carpark-replacement-trinity-square-7696830 |archive-date=3 September 2014 }}</ref>  The cup was however awarded to another development which involved [[Tesco]], [[Woolwich Central Riverside|Woolwich Central]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://home.bt.com/news/uknews/inept-tesco-complex-voted-uks-ugliest-building-11363930427660 |title='Inept' Tesco complex voted UK's ugliest building |work=BT.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904182225/http://home.bt.com/news/uknews/inept-tesco-complex-voted-uks-ugliest-building-11363930427660 |archive-date=4 September 2014 }}</ref>