Editing Gatorade (section)

==History==
[[File:Gatorade Early Testing Photo.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[University of Florida]] football player Chip Hinton testing Gatorade 1965, pictured next to the leader of its team of inventors, [[Robert Cade]].]]

Gatorade was created in 1965, by a team of scientists at the [[University of Florida|University of Florida College of Medicine]], including [[Robert Cade]], [[Dana Shires]], Harry James Free, and Alejandro de Quesada.<ref name=born>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatorade.com/history/default.aspx|title=History|publisher=Gatorade|access-date=April 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415161147/http://www.gatorade.com/history/default.aspx|archive-date=April 15, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Following a request from [[Florida Gators football]] head coach [[Ray Graves]], Gatorade was created to help athletes by acting as a replacement for body fluids lost during physical exertion. Like many of the sports drinks that pre-dated it by decades, such as [[Lucozade]], the earliest version of the beverage consisted of a mixture of water, [[sodium]], [[sugar]], [[potassium]], [[phosphate]], and lemon juice.<ref name=gatoradehistprofile>{{cite web|last=Kays|first=Joe|title=Gatorade - The Idea that Launched an Industry|url=http://www.research.ufl.edu/publications/explore/v08n1/gatorade.html|publisher=University of Florida Research|access-date=January 24, 2011|year=2003}}</ref> Ten players on the University of Florida football team tested the first version of Gatorade during practices and games in 1965, and the tests were deemed successful. On the other hand, star [[quarterback]] [[Steve Spurrier]] said, "I don't have any answer for whether the Gatorade helped us be a better second-half team or not... We drank it, but whether it helped us in the second half, who knows?"<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|date=September 2, 2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|pages=28}}</ref> Nonetheless, the football team credited Gatorade as having contributed to their first [[Orange Bowl]] win over the [[Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football|Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets]] in 1967, at which point the drink gained traction within the athletic community. Yellow Jackets coach [[Bobby Dodd]], when asked why his team lost, replied: "We didn't have Gatorade. That made the difference."<ref name="inventions">{{cite web|title=Football Inventions That Shaped the Modern Game|url=http://www.inventhelp.com/Football_Inventions.asp|date=September 6, 2007|access-date=September 6, 2007}}</ref>

The University of Florida researchers initially considered naming their product "Gator-Aid", but eventually settled on "Gatorade". [[Darren Rovell]] notes in his history of Gatorade, ''First in Thirst'', "the doctors realized that they probably shouldn't use the 'Aid' suffix, since that would mean that if the drink were ever marketed, they would have to prove that it had a clear medicinal use and perform clinical tests on thousands of people."<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|date=September 2, 2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|pages=24}}</ref> Gatorade co-inventor [[Dana Shires]] explained, "We were told that you couldn't use that because the Food and Drug Administration prohibited that. That would classify it as something other than a cola or soft drink, so we changed it to ade."<ref>{{cite web|last=Shires|first=Dana|title=Dana Leroy Shires, Jr.|url=http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00006306/00001/17x?search=gatorade|publisher=University of Florida Digital Collection|access-date=2014-03-21}}</ref>

Some were skeptical that the product's effect was anything more than a [[placebo]]. Cade mentioned, "If you told a football player that you were giving him [[Demerol]] to relieve pain and you gave him a placebo instead, there's about a 30% chance that the placebo will relieve the pain as much as taking Demerol would have."<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|date=September 2, 2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|pages=50}}</ref>

Shortly after the 1969 Orange Bowl, Robert Cade entered into an agreement providing [[Van Camp's|Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.]] (S-VC), a canned-[[food packaging]] company, with the U.S. rights to production and sale of Gatorade as a commercial product.<ref name="gatoradehistprofile"/> In the same year, a licensing arrangement made Gatorade the official sports drink of the [[National Football League]] (NFL), representing the first in a history of professional sports sponsorship for the Gatorade brand. A year after its commercial introduction, S-VC tested multiple variations of the original Gatorade recipe, finally settling on more palatable variants in lemon-lime and orange flavors. This reformulation also removed the sweetener [[sodium cyclamate|cyclamate]]{{snd}}which was banned by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in 1969{{snd}}replacing it with additional [[fructose]].<ref name="chemcases">{{cite web|title='Gatorade 21. Stokeley's Response'|work=ChemCases.com|url=http://chemcases.com/gatorade/gatorade21.htm|access-date=April 28, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707115546/http://chemcases.com/gatorade/gatorade21.htm|archive-date=July 7, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In the early 1970s, legal questions arose regarding whether or not the researchers who invented Gatorade were entitled to ownership of its royalties since they had been working under a research grant from the federal government which provided financial stipends.<ref name=gatoradehistprofile /> The University of Florida also claimed partial rights of ownership, which was brought to resolution in 1973 in the form of a settlement awarding the university with a 20% share of Gatorade [[royalties]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Inventor of the Week: Robert Cade|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|date=May 2004|url =http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/cade.html|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20040622054804/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/cade.html|url-status =dead|archive-date =2004-06-22}}</ref> As of 2009, the university had received more than $150 million from its share and was receiving approximately $12 million per year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Anthony |url=http://www.gatorsports.com/article/20090210/ARTICLES/902090235?tc=ar |title=UF still profiting from Gatorade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200307/http://www.gatorsports.com/article/20090210/ARTICLES/902090235?tc=ar |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |publisher=The Gainesville Sun |date=February 10, 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Gatorade logo before 2009.png|thumb|left|Prior version of the Gatorade logo, in use (with minor variations) from 1973 to 2009]]

The [[Quaker Oats Company]] purchased S-VC and Gatorade in 1983 for $220 million, following a bidding war with rival [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]]. In its first two decades of production, Gatorade was primarily sold and distributed within the United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the company expanded distribution of Gatorade, venturing into Canada in 1986, regions of Asia in 1987, South America and parts of Europe in 1988, and Australia in 1993. In 1990, Gatorade introduced Gatorade Light, a lower-calorie version sweetened with [[saccharin]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in Thirst: How Gatorade Turned the Science of Sweat Into a Cultural Phenomenon|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=0814410952|pages=176|date=September 2, 2005}}</ref> International expansion came at the cost of $20 million in 1996 alone; however, the resulting efforts produced worldwide sales of $283 million in more than 45 countries during the same year.<ref name=galehist>{{cite journal|title=The Gatorade Company Profile|journal=International Directory of Company Histories, Gale Group|year=2007|volume=82}}</ref> In 1997, distribution of Gatorade in an additional 10 countries prompted an 18.7% growth in annual sales.<ref name=rovellbook>{{cite book|last=Rovell|first=Darren|title=First in thirst: how Gatorade turned the science of sweat into a cultural phenomenon|year=2005|publisher=AMACOM|isbn=978-0-8144-7299-6|page=256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNJIXCE7cSkC&q=david%20whitford%20AND%20gatorade&pg=PP1}}</ref>

In 2001, the multinational food and beverage company [[PepsiCo]] acquired Gatorade's parent company, the Quaker Oats Company, for $13 billion to add Gatorade to its portfolio of brands. PepsiCo had also recently developed [[All Sport]], which it divested of shortly following the Quaker acquisition to satisfy [[antitrust]] regulations. Worldwide development of Gatorade continued into the 2000s, including expansion into India in 2004, and the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] in 2008.<ref name=rovellbook /> As of 2010, Gatorade products were made available for sale in more than 80 countries.<ref name=factsheetGatorade /> As the number-one sports drink by annual retail sales in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, Gatorade is also among the leading sports drink brands in [[Korea]] and Australia.<ref name=fundinguniv>{{cite web|title=PepsiCo Company History|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/PepsiCo-Inc-Company-History.html|publisher=Funding Universe|access-date=January 24, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Gatorade availability.jpg|thumb|290x290px|{{hanging indent|{{ubl
|{{legend|#377eb8|Available}}
|{{legend|#986ba1|Unavailable}}
|{{legend|#e41a1c|Restricted}}
|{{legend|#d1dbdd|Unknown}}}}}}]]
As the distribution of Gatorade expanded outside of the U.S., localized flavors were introduced to conform to regional tastes and cultural preferences, among other factors. For example, Blueberry is available in [[Colombia]], and in [[Brazil]], a Pineapple flavor of Gatorade is sold. In Australia,{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} flavors include Antarctic Freeze and Wild Water Rush. Some flavors that have been discontinued in the U.S., such as Alpine Snow and Starfruit, have since been made available in other countries.<ref name=rovellbook/>

In 2011, Gatorade was re-introduced to [[New Zealand]] by [[Bluebird Foods]], a [[PepsiCo]] subsidiary in New Zealand. The product is made in Australia by [[Schweppes Australia]], and exported to New Zealand and distributed along with Bluebird potato chips.

In September 2022, Gatorade introduced Fast Twitch, its first caffeinated energy drink that had 200 milligrams of caffeine, electrolytes, vitamins B6 and B12 but contained no sugar or carbonation. The company said it was designed to be taken in before a regular beverage consumed for hydration. It was an example of a broader push by PepsiCo into energy beverages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade debuts its first-ever caffeinated energy drink Fast Twitch |url=https://www.fooddive.com/news/gatorade-debuts-caffeinated-energy-drink-fast-twitch/631070/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Food Dive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Amelia |title=Gatorade adds caffeine to its lineup with energy drink Fast Twitch |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/01/gatorade-adds-caffeine-to-its-lineup-with-energy-drink-fast-twitch.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=CNBC |date=September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>