Editing Gay Liberation Front (section)

== United States ==

=== New York City ===
[[File:Gay liberation 1970 poster.jpg|thumb|1970s poster used by the US GLF]]
The United States Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was formed in the aftermath of the [[Stonewall Riots]]. The riots are considered by many to be the prime catalyst for the [[gay liberation]] movement and the modern fight for [[LGBTQ]] rights in the United States.<ref name=diversity>{{cite web | author = National Park Service | title = Workforce Diversity: The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 | url = http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm | publisher = US Department of Interior | year = 2008 | access-date = February 20, 2015 }}</ref><ref name=obamaspeech>{{cite web | url = http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html | title = Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots | publisher = North Jersey Media Group Inc | date = January 21, 2013 | access-date = February 20, 2015 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530065722/http://www.northjersey.com/news/2012_Presidential_Election/Obama_inaugural_speech_references_Stonewall_riots.html | archive-date = May 30, 2013 }}</ref>

On June 28, 1969, in [[Greenwich Village]], [[New York (state)|New York]], the New York City police raided the [[Stonewall Inn]], a well known [[gay bar]], located on [[Christopher Street]]. Police raids of the Stonewall, and other lesbian and gay bars, were a routine practice at the time, with regular payoffs to [[dirty cop]]s and [[organized crime]] figures an expected part of staying in business.<ref name=ACTUP>Shepard, Benjamin Heim and Ronald Hayduk (2002) ''From ACT UP to the WTO: Urban Protest and Community Building in the Era of Globalization''. Verso. pp.156-160 {{ISBN|978-1859-8435-67}}</ref> The Stonewall Inn was made up of two former horse stables which had been renovated into one building in 1930. Like all gay bars of the era, it was subject to countless police raids, as [[LGBTQ]] activities and fraternization were still largely illegal. But this time, when the police began arresting patrons, the customers began pelting them with coins, and later, bottles and rocks. The lesbian and gay crowd also freed staff members who had been put into police vans, and the outnumbered officers retreated inside the bar. Soon, the Tactical Patrol Force (TPF), originally trained to deal with war protests, were called in to control the mob, which was now using a parking meter as a battering ram. As the patrol force advanced, the crowd did not disperse, but instead doubled back and re-formed behind the riot police, throwing rocks, shouting "Gay Power!", dancing, and taunting their opposition. For the next several nights, the crowd would return in ever increasing numbers, handing out leaflets and rallying themselves. Soon the word "Stonewall" came to represent fighting for equality in the gay community.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} And in commemoration, [[Gay Pride]] marches are held every year on the anniversary of the riots.

In early July 1969, due in large part to the [[Stonewall riots]] in June of that year, discussions in the gay community led to the formation of the Gay Liberation Front. According to scholar [[Henry Abelove]], it was named GLF "in a provocative allusion to the [[Algerian National Liberation Front]] and the [[Vietnamese National Liberation Front]]."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernadicou |first1=August |title=Martha Shelley |url=https://www.augustnation.com/martha-shelley |website=August Nation |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project |access-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930222730/https://www.augustnation.com/martha-shelley |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Abelove|first1=Henry|title=How Stonewall Obscures the Real History of Gay Liberation|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/How-Stonewall-Obscures-the/231099|access-date=April 21, 2018|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=June 26, 2015}}</ref> On July 31, 1969 the core group of radical activists met again at Alternate U, a leftist meeting hall and lecture center on 6th Ave. at 14th Street. The meeting was attended by over 40 people including [[Martha Shelley]], [[Marty Robinson (gay activist)|Marty Robinson]], Bill Katzenberg, Lois Hart, Suzanne BeVier, Ron Ballard, [[Bob Kohler]], Marty Stefan, Mark Giles, Charles Pitts, Pete Wilson, Michael Brown, John O’Brien, Earl Galvin, Dan Smith, Jim Fouratt, Billy Weaver, Jerry Hoose, Leo Martello and others. Space usage at Alternate U was arranged with AU staffer, Susan Silverman, who also attended the meeting.<ref name="glf-foundation.org/timeline">glf-foundation.org/timeline</ref>

Here, the decision was made to break away from existing gay and lesbian organizations and form the new group to be called the Gay Liberation Front, the name that Martha Shelley “officially” introduced at the meeting. All three words had powerful meanings. “Gay” implied the new radical, out-of-the-closet generation—no longer a quasi-apologetic “homophile group.” “Liberation” implied its broad and radical agenda, a word used at that time by the Women’s, Vietnamese, Black and other freedom movements. “Front” denoted an umbrella coalition uniting a diverse group of lesbian and gay people despite their differences in class, age, gender, race and ethnicity. The meeting then authorized Lois Hart, Michael Brown and Ron Ballard to compose a statement of purpose that appeared in the next issue of “Rat,” a prominent New York radical movement newspaper at that time. From the beginning, GLF stated its goals as confronting all forms of sexism and male supremacy which it held to be the source of LGBT oppression and to form coalitions with other radical groups working to create a world-wide social revolution.

On August 2, 1969, the group held a protest at the [[New York Women's House of Detention|Women's House of Detention]] in [[Greenwich Village]] and would go on to hold weekly protests there.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ryan |first=Hugh |title=The Women's House of Dentention |publisher=Bold Type Books |year=2022 |isbn=9781645036661 |pages=275–276}}</ref><ref name="glf-foundation.org/timeline"/>

One of GLF's early acts included organizing a march protesting coverage of gay people by ''[[The Village Voice]]'', which took place on September 12, 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2019/06/08/how-homophobic-media-covered-stonewall-uprising/|title=How the homophobic media covered the 1969 Stonewall uprising|first=Gillian|last=Brockell|date=June 8, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="glf-foundation.org/timeline"/> Long before the word "intersectionality" came into use, the GLF had a broad political platform, denouncing [[racism]] and declaring support for various [[Third World]] struggles and the [[Black Panther Party]]. They took an [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] stance and attacked the [[nuclear family]] and traditional [[gender role]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.glf-foundation.org/five-facts-about-glf | title=Five Facts about the Gay Liberation Front — Gay Liberation Front Foundation }}</ref> Continuing its protest on how the media portrayed LGBT people and the movement, GLF picketed the offices of Time Magazine following their publication of a cover story entitled “The Homosexual in America.”<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.glf-foundation.org/picketing-the-timelife-building | title=LGBTQ Demonstration at Time Magazine Offices — Gay Liberation Front Foundation }}</ref>

''[[Come Out!]]'', the first periodical published by the GLF, came out it November 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/come-out|title=Come Out!|website=Libcom.org|access-date=2022-06-19}}</ref>

In 1970, several GLF women, such as Martha Shelley, Lois Hart, Karla Jay,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernadicou |first1=August |title=Martha Shelley |url=https://www.augustnation.com/karla-jay |website=August Nation |publisher=The LGBTQ History Project |access-date=March 29, 2020 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130042637/https://www.augustnation.com/karla-jay |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Michela Griffo went on to form the [[Lavender Menace|Radicalesbians]], a [[lesbian]] activist organization. Their first protest was at the National Organization of Women’s Second Congress to Unite Women. The group protested NOW's exclusion of lesbians and lack of support for lesbian issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=LavMen — Gay Liberation Front Foundation |url=https://www.glf-foundation.org/lavmen}}</ref>

In 1970, members of GLF New York led by Mark Segal and Nova, formed the group Gay Youth New York, for people under 21 years of age.

In 1970, the [[drag queen]] caucus of the GLF, including [[Marsha P. Johnson]] and [[Sylvia Rivera]], formed the group [[Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries]] (STAR), during a GLF action, the occupation of Weinstein Hall in a protest against NYU policies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.glf-foundation.org/occupation-of-nyus-weinstein-hall-account-by-ellen-broidy | title=Occupation of NYU's Weinstein Hall — Gay Liberation Front Foundation }}</ref> STAR focused on providing support for gay prisoners, housing for homeless gay youth and street people, especially other young "street queens".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernadicou |first1=August |title=Come Out! |url=https://www.lgbtqhp.org/come-out |website=The LGBTQ History Project |date=October 2, 2023 }}</ref><ref name=ACTUP/><ref name=feinberg>{{cite web |url=http://www.workers.org/2006/us/lavender-red-73/ |title=Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries |work=[[Workers World Party]] |quote="Stonewall combatants Sylvia Rivera and Marsha "Pay It No Mind" Johnson ... Both were self-identified drag queens." |author=Feinberg, Leslie |date=September 24, 2006 |access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref>

In 1970, several Black and Latinx members of the GLF, including graphic artist Juan Carlos Vidal and poet Néstor Latrónico, formed Third World Gay Revolution (T.W.G.R.), which attempted to vocalize and combat the triple oppression of heterosexism, racism, and classism experienced by queer people of color. Another chapter of T.W.G.R. opened in Chicago shortly after the original group formed in New York.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Queiroz |first1=Juan |title=Third World Gay Revolution: A cincuenta años de su fundación |url=https://www.moleculasmalucas.com/post/el-third-world-gay-revolution |website=Moléculas Malucas: Archivos y Memorias Fuera Del Margen|date=August 22, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Third World Gay Revolution |title=Who We Are / Quienes Somos |publisher=Come Out |volume=1 |issue=5 |date=September–October 1970 |page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Third World Gay Revolution |title=Third World Gay Revolution: 16 Point Platform |publisher=Come Out |volume=1 |issue=7 |date=December 1970 |page=16}}</ref>

In 1970, the GLF, led by Gary Alinder, [[LGBT protests against the American Psychiatric Association|protested the American Psychiatric Association's]] classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.glf-foundation.org/timeline | title=A brief history of the Gay Liberation Front of New York — Gay Liberation Front Foundation }}</ref>

In 2019, in recognition of GLF New York's historic role in the post-Stonewall LGBTQ movement, and its central role in establishing the annual Pride March, NYC Pride announced that GLF would be one of the Grand Marshal's for the march commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nycpride.org/news-press-media/nyc-pride-announces-2019-lgbtqia-pride-march-grand-marshals | title=NYC Pride }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.glf-foundation.org/the-genesis-of-the-pride-march | title=The Genesis of the First Pride March — Gay Liberation Front Foundation }}</ref>

=== San Francisco ===
On October 31, 1969, sixty members of the GLF, the Committee for Homosexual Freedom (CHF), and the Gay Guerilla Theatre group staged a protest outside the offices of the ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]'' in response to a series of news articles disparaging people in San Francisco's [[gay bar]]s and clubs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Teal |first1=Donn |title=The Gay Militants: How Gay Liberation Began in America, 1969-1971 |date=1971 |pages=52–58 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York |isbn=0312112793 }}</ref><ref name=Gould_book>{{cite magazine |last=Gould|first=Robert E.|title=What We Don't Know About Homosexuality|magazine=[[New York Times Magazine]]|date= February 24, 1974|isbn=9780231084376|access-date=January 1, 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wfHq53yNCYC&pg=PA371}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Laurence |first1=Leo E. |title=Gays Penetrate Examiner |url=https://voices.revealdigital.com/?a=d&d=BFBJFGJ19691031.1.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN---------------1 |work=[[Berkeley Tribe]] |date=October 31 – November 6, 1969 |volume=1 |issue=17 |page=4 |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=Alwood_1996>{{cite book|last=Alwood |first=Edward|title=Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=0-231-08436-6|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wfHq53yNCYC&pg=PA94|access-date=January 1, 2008}}</ref> The peaceful protest against the ''Examiner'' turned tumultuous and was later called "Friday of the Purple Hand" and "Bloody Friday of the Purple Hand".<ref name=Alwood_1996 /><ref name=BellVV>{{cite news |last=Bell|first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Bell (journalist)|title=Has The Gay Movement Gone Establishment?|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=March 28, 1974|isbn=9780231084376 |access-date=January 1, 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wfHq53yNCYC&pg=PA371}}</ref><ref name=Van_Buskirk>{{cite news|last=Van Buskirk |first=Jim |title=Gay Media Comes of Age |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/san_francisco,2.html |work=[[Bay Area Reporter]] |year=2004 |archive-date=July 5, 2015 |access-date=2008-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705201921/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/san_francisco%2C2.html }}</ref><ref name=Friday>{{cite news|title=Friday of the Purple Hand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-s3MQmEQiMC&pg=PA51 |work=San Francisco Free Press|date=November 15–30, 1969 |isbn = 9780811811873|access-date=January 1, 2008|last1 = Stryker|first1 = Susan|last2 = Buskirk|first2 = Jim Van}} (courtesy: the [[GLBT Historical Society|Gay Lesbian Historical Society]].</ref><ref name=DelMartin>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Del |title=The Police Beat: Crime in the Streets |url=http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/sfbagals/Vector/1969_Vector_Vol05_No12_Dec.pdf |journal=Vector (San Francisco) |volume=5 |issue=12 |page=9 |date=December 1969 |access-date=June 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name=GayPower>{{cite web |title="Gay Power" Politics |url=http://ebar.com/openforum/opforum.php?sec=guest_op&id=41 |website=GLBTQ, Inc. |date=March 30, 2006|access-date=January 1, 2008}}</ref> Examiner employees "dumped a barrel of printers' ink on the crowd from the roof of the newspaper building", according to [[glbtq.com]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/san_francisco%2C2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705201921/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/san_francisco%2C2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-07-05 |title=glbtq >> social sciences >> San Francisco |access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> Some reports state that it was a barrel of ink poured from the roof of the building.<ref name=Montanarelli>{{cite book|last1=Montanarelli|first1=Lisa|last2=Harrison|first2=Ann|title=Strange But True San Francisco: Tales of the City by the Bay|year=2005|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=0-7627-3681-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FqTS3ZCbjgC|access-date=January 1, 2008}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The protesters "used the ink to scrawl slogans on the building walls" and slap purple hand prints "throughout downtown [San Francisco]" resulting in "one of the most visible demonstrations of gay power" according to the ''[[Bay Area Reporter]]''.<ref name=Alwood_1996 /><ref name=Van_Buskirk /><ref name=GayPower/> According to Larry LittleJohn, then president of [[Society for Individual Rights]], "At that point, the tactical squad arrived&nbsp;– not to get the employees who dumped the ink, but to arrest the demonstrators. Somebody could have been hurt if that ink had gotten into their eyes, but the police were knocking people to the ground."<ref name=Alwood_1996 /> The accounts of [[police brutality]] include women being thrown to the ground and protesters' teeth being knocked out.<ref name=Alwood_1996 /><ref name=NewspaperSeries>{{cite news|title=Newspaper Series Surprises Activists|work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|date=24 April 1974|isbn=9780231084376|access-date=January 1, 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0wfHq53yNCYC&pg=PA371|last1=Alwood|first1=Edward}}</ref> Inspired by [[Black Hand (extortion)|Black Hand]] extortion methods of [[Camorra]] [[gangster]]s and [[Italian-American Mafia|the Mafia]],<ref name=Nash>{{cite book|last1=Nash|first1=Jay Robert|title=World Encyclopedia of Organized Crime|date=1993|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|isbn=0-306-80535-9}}</ref> some gay and lesbian activists attempted to institute "purple hand" as a warning to stop anti-gay attacks, but with little success.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}} In Turkey, the LGBT rights organization MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu (Purple Hand Eskişehir LGBT Formation), also bears the name of this symbol.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moreleskisehir.blogspot.com |title=MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu |website=Moreleskisehir.blogspot.com |access-date=January 23, 2012}}</ref>

In 1970 "The U.S. Mission" had a permit to use a campground in the [[Sequoia National Forest]]. Once it was learned that the group was sponsored by the GLF, the Sequoia National Forest supervisor cancelled the permit, and the campground was closed for the period.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GOgzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1jIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3517%2C7844376 "Gay Group Loses Campground Use"], ''Lodi News Sentinel'', June 26, 1970.</ref>