Editing Gemination (section)

==Phonetics==
Lengthened [[fricative consonant|fricatives]], [[nasal consonant|nasals]], [[lateral consonant|laterals]], [[approximant consonant|approximants]] and [[trill consonant|trills]] are simply prolonged. In lengthened [[stop consonant|stops]], the obstruction of the airway is prolonged, which delays release, and the closure is lengthened. That is, {{IPA|/tʰː/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[tːʰ]}}, not *{{IPA|[tʰ𐞁]}}. In [[affricate]]s, it is also the closure that is lengthened, not the fricative release. That is, {{IPA|/t͜sː/}} is pronounced {{IPA|[tːs]}}, not *{{IPA|[tsː]}}.<ref>{{SOWL|92}}</ref><ref>Joshua Wilbur (2014) ''A Grammar of Pite Saami'', p 47</ref>

In terms of consonant duration, Berber and Finnish are reported to have a 3-to-1 ratio,<ref name="Khattab2014" /> compared with around 2-to-1 (or lower) in Japanese,<ref name="Aoyama2002">{{Cite journal|title=Quantity contrasts in Japanese and Finnish: Differences in adult production and acquisition|journal=Studies in Language Sciences (2): Papers from the Second Annual Conference of the Japanese Society for Language Sciences|url=http://sphs.unt.edu/~kaoyama/aoyama11.pdf|last=Aoyama|first=Katsura|publisher=Kuroshio|year=2002|orig-date=2002|location=Tokyo|page=4|language=en}} (URL is author's "near final version" draft)</ref> Italian, and Turkish.<ref name="Khattab2014">{{Cite journal|title=Geminate timing in Lebanese Arabic: The relationship between phonetic timing and phonological structure|journal=Laboratory Phonology|last1=Khattab|first1=Ghada|volume=5|pages=231–269|last2=Al-Tamimi|first2=Jalal|issue=2|doi=10.1515/lp-2014-0009|year=2014|language=en|doi-access=free}}</ref>