Editing Gene Sharp (section)

==Biography==
{{Gene Sharp}}
Sharp was born in [[North Baltimore, Ohio|North Baltimore]], Ohio,<ref name=BBC/> the son of an itinerant [[Protestant]] minister.<ref name=shishkin08>Philip Shishkin (September 13, 2008). [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122127204268531319 "American Revolutionary: Quiet Boston Scholar Inspires Rebels Around the World"]{{subscription required}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415201314/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122127204268531319 |date=April 15, 2017 }}. ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', p. A1.</ref> He received a Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences in 1949 from [[Ohio State University]], where he also received his Master of Arts in Sociology in 1951.<ref name=peace.ca>{{cite web |url=http://www.peace.ca/genesharp.htm |title=GENE SHARP A Biographical Profile |publisher=Canadian Centres for Teaching Peace |access-date=February 22, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217052305/http://www.peace.ca/genesharp.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 1953–54, Sharp was jailed for nine months after protesting the [[conscription]] of soldiers for the [[Korean War]].<ref name=BBC/> He discussed his decision to go to prison for his beliefs in letters to [[Albert Einstein]], who wrote a foreword to his first book on Gandhi.<ref name="rightlivelihood.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/sharp.html|title=Right Livelihood Award: Laureates Detail|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119073941/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/sharp.html|archive-date=January 19, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> He worked as factory laborer, guide to a blind social worker, and secretary to [[A. J. Muste]], America's leading pacifist. Between 1955 and 1958, he was Assistant Editor of ''[[Peace News]]'' (London), the weekly pacifist newspaper from where he helped organize the 1958 [[Aldermaston March]]. The next two years he studied and researched in Oslo with Professor [[Arne Næss]], who together with [[Johan Galtung]] drew extensively from [[Mohandas Gandhi]]'s writings in developing the ''[[Satyagraha]] Norms''.<ref>Sharp, Gene, Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power, Ahmedabad 1960, p. X, XI</ref> In 1968, he received a Doctor of Philosophy in political theory from [[Oxford University]].<ref name=peace.ca/> Funding for Sharp's research at this time came from the [[DARPA]] project of the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/should-scientists-and-engineers-resist-taking-military-money/|title=Should Scientists and Engineers Resist Taking Military Money?|last=Horgan|first=John|website=Scientific American Blog Network|language=en|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>

Sharp was appointed a professor of political science at the [[University of Massachusetts Dartmouth]] in 1972. He held research appointments at [[Harvard University]]'s [[Weatherhead Center for International Affairs|Center for International Affairs]] from 1965.<ref name=BBC/> 
In 1983 he founded Harvard's Program on Nonviolent Sanctions in Conflict and Defense (PNS), which "continued in the spirit of its founder"<ref name=centerpiece18>{{cite journal |last1=Anonymous |title=In Memoriam: Gene Sharp, 1928–2018 |journal=Centerpiece |date=Spring 2018 |volume=32 |issue=2 |page=16 |url=https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/centerpiece/spring2018/in_memoriam |publisher=Weatherhead Center for International Affairs |language=en |oclc=705875366}}</ref> and in 1995 was merged with another Harvard organization.
In 1983 Sharp also founded the [[Albert Einstein Institution]], a non-profit organization devoted to studies and promotion of the use of [[Non-violent resistance|nonviolent action]] in conflicts worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations9173.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112012144/http://www.aeinstein.org/organizations9173.html|url-status=dead|title=Gene Sharp biography at Albert Einstein Institution web site.|archive-date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> In 2004, the Albert Einstein Institution lost much of its funding (with income dropping from more than $1m a year to as little as $160,000), and from then on was run out of Sharp's home in [[East Boston]], near [[Logan Airport]].<ref name=flintoff2013>{{cite news |author=John-Paul Flintoff |title=Gene Sharp: The Machiavelli of Nonviolence |newspaper=[[New Statesman]] |date=January 3, 2013 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/your-democracy/2013/01/gene-sharp-machiavelli-non-violence |issn=1364-7431 |oclc=4588945 |access-date=December 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112095409/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/your-democracy/2013/01/gene-sharp-machiavelli-non-violence |archive-date=November 12, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2012, he received the [[Zambrano Foundation]] Distinguished Lifetime Democracy Award.<ref name=lifedem2012>{{cite web|title=The Zambrano Foundation has announced The First Annual Democracy Symposium in The Americas 2012|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-zambrano-foundation-has-announced-the-first-annual-democracy-symposium-in-the-americas-2012-170510256.html|date=September 20, 2012|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|access-date=October 3, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029012256/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-zambrano-foundation-has-announced-the-first-annual-democracy-symposium-in-the-americas-2012-170510256.html|archive-date=October 29, 2012|df=mdy-all}} The article states that Sharp will receive the award at a symposium that "will take place on November 15 and 16 at the Alumni Center, University of Miami, Florida."</ref>{{better source needed|press release via unreliable site|date=October 2022}}

Sharp died on January 28, 2018, at home in Boston, having just turned 90.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news|last1=Pratt|first1=Mark|title=Gene Sharp, advocate for nonviolent resistance, dies at 90|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/gene-sharp-advocate-nonviolent-resistance-dies-90-52710416|access-date=30 January 2018|work=ABC News|date=January 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130221340/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/gene-sharp-advocate-nonviolent-resistance-dies-90-52710416|archive-date=January 30, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/obituaries/gene-sharp-global-guru-of-nonviolent-resistance-dies-at-90.html|title=Gene Sharp, Global Guru of Nonviolent Resistance, Dies at 90|first=Sam|last=Roberts|date=February 2, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203024454/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/02/obituaries/gene-sharp-global-guru-of-nonviolent-resistance-dies-at-90.html|archive-date=February 3, 2018|df=mdy-all|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>