Editing General Motors (section)

== History ==
{{further|History of General Motors}}

=== Founding and consolidation ===
By 1900, [[William C. Durant]]'s [[Durant-Dort Carriage Company]] of [[Flint, Michigan]], had become the largest manufacturer of [[horse-drawn vehicle]]s in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wynn |first=Neil A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-ismXvbPkwC&pg=PA74 |title=The A to Z from the Great War to the Great Depression |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6330-9 |language=en}}</ref> Durant was averse to automobiles, but fellow Flint businessman [[James H. Whiting]], owner of [[Flint Wagon Works]], sold him the [[Buick|Buick Motor Company]] in 1904.<ref name=story/> Durant formed the General Motors Company in 1908 as a [[holding company]], borrowing a naming convention from [[General Electric]].<ref name="Kollewe">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/apr/30/general-motors-gm-history |title=The history of General Motors |first=Julia |last=Kollewe |work=The Guardian |date=April 30, 2009}}</ref> GM's first acquisition was Buick, which Durant already owned, then [[Oldsmobile|Olds Motor Works]] on November 12, 1908.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The end of the road for Oldsmobile |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-end-of-the-road-for-oldsmobile |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=History |date=November 13, 2009 |location=US}}</ref> Under Durant, GM went on to acquire [[Cadillac]], [[Elmore Manufacturing Company|Elmore]], [[Welch Motor Car Company|Welch]], [[Cartercar]], [[Oakland (automobile)|Oakland]] (the predecessor of [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]]), the [[Rapid Motor Vehicle Company]] of [[Pontiac, Michigan]], and the [[Reliance (automobile)|Reliance Motor Car Company]] of [[Detroit, Michigan]] (predecessor of [[GMC (automobile)|GMC]]) in 1909.

Durant, with the board's approval, also tried acquiring [[Ford Motor Company]] in 1909, for $8 million,<ref>[https://www.gm.com/heritage/durant#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20Durant%20almost%20purchased,become%20a%20division%20of%20GM. "The Fearless Spirit of William Durant "], gm.com</ref> but the banks refused to lend him the initial $2 million down payment.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM02/309149927/durant-almost-landed-ford-but-couldn-t-come-up-with-2-million |title=Durant almost landed Ford, but couldn't come up with $2 million |work=Automotive News |date=September 14, 2008 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> Durant over-[[Leverage (finance)|leveraged]] GM in making acquisitions, and was removed by the board of directors in 1910 at the order of the bankers who backed the loans to keep GM in business.<ref name="story">{{cite web | url=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/Anniversaries/Story_of_General_Motors.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108052738/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/Anniversaries/Story_of_General_Motors.pdf |archive-date=January 8, 2022 |url-status=live | title=Story of General Motors }}</ref> The action of the bankers was partially influenced by the [[Panic of 1910–1911]] that followed the earlier enforcement of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890]]. In 1911, [[Charles F. Kettering]] of [[Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company]] (DELCO) and [[Henry M. Leland]] invented and patented the first electric [[Starter (engine)|starter]] in America.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Cadillac's Electric Self Starter Turns 100 |url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Feb/0215_cad_starter.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=media.gm.com |language=en}}</ref> In November 1911, Durant co-founded [[Chevrolet]] with race car driver [[Louis Chevrolet]], who left the company in 1915 after a disagreement with Durant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louis Chevrolet {{!}} Biography & Facts |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Chevrolet |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:General Motors Company 1916.jpg|thumb|left|General Motors Company share certificate issued October 13, 1916]]

GM was reincorporated in [[Detroit]] in 1916 as General Motors Corporation and became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]]. By 1917, [[Chevrolet]] had become successful enough that Durant, with the backing of [[Samuel McLaughlin]] and [[Pierre S. du Pont]], reacquired a controlling interest in GM. The same year, GM acquired [[Samson Tractor]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp8TAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4308 | title=A Study of the Antitrust Laws: General Motors Corporation |author=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |publisher=United States Government Printing Office | year=1955}}</ref> Chevrolet Motor Company was consolidated into GM on May 2, 1918, and the same year GM acquired [[United Motors Company|United Motors]], a parts supplier founded by Durant and headed by [[Alfred P. Sloan]] for $45 million, and the [[McLaughlin Motor Car Company]], founded by [[Robert McLaughlin (industrialist)|R. S. McLaughlin]], became [[General Motors of Canada]] Limited.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lassa |first=Todd |date=September 15, 2008 |title=Happy 100th Birthday, General Motors |work=Motor Trend |url= https://www.motortrend.com/features/general-motors-100-year-anniversary/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gm-buys-chevrolet | title=GM buys Chevrolet | date=November 13, 2009 |publisher=History.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1918/02/24/archives/general-motors-finances-plan-for-absorbing-chevrolet-company.html |title=General Motors Finances; Plan for Absorbing Chevrolet Company Indicated |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 24, 1918 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In 1919, GM acquired [[Guardian Frigerator Company]], part-owned by Durant, which was renamed [[Frigidaire]]. Also in 1919, the [[General Motors Acceptance Corporation]] (GMAC), which provides financing to automotive customers, was formed.<ref name="tarp">{{cite news | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vqb8SDu4pv0C&pg=PA12 | title=Unique Treatment of General Motors Acceptance Corp. (GMAC) Under the TARP | publisher=Diane Publishing | first=Elizabeth | last=Warren | author-link=Elizabeth Warren | year=2011| isbn=978-1-4379-3080-1}}</ref><ref name=story/>

In 1920, du Pont orchestrated the removal of Durant once again and replaced him with Sloan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. |url= https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/alfred-p-sloan-jr/ |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=automotivehalloffame.org}}</ref> At a time when GM was competing heavily with [[Ford Motor Company]], Sloan established annual model changes, making previous years' models "dated" and created a market for [[used car]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Annual model change was the result of affluence, technology, advertising |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM02/309149950/annual-model-change-was-the-result-of-affluence-technology-advertising |access-date=May 2, 2022 |work=Automotive News |language=en}}</ref> He also implemented the pricing strategy used by car companies today. The pricing strategy had [[Chevrolet]], [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]], [[Oldsmobile]], [[Buick]], and [[Cadillac]] priced from least expensive to most, respectively.<ref>{{cite book |last=English |first=Paul F. |title=Safety Performance in a Lean Environment |date=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439821138 |location=United Kingdom |page=3}}</ref>

In 1921, [[Thomas Midgley Jr.]], an engineer for GM, discovered [[tetraethyllead]] (leaded gasoline) as an antiknock agent, and GM patented the compound because [[ethanol]] could not be patented.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Midgley, Jr. {{!}} American chemical engineer |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Midgley-Jr |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> This led to the development of higher compression engines resulting in more power and efficiency. The public later realized that lead contained in the gasoline was harmful to various biological organisms including humans.<ref name="Kitman">{{cite magazine |last=Kitman |first=Jamie |url= http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead?page=full | title=The Secret History of Lead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510105351/http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead?page=full |archive-date=May 10, 2014 |magazine=The Nation |date=March 2, 2000}}</ref> Evidence shows that corporate executives understood the health implications of tetraethyllead from the beginning.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Eschner |first=Kat |title=Leaded Gas Was a Known Poison the Day It Was Invented |url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/leaded-gas-poison-invented-180961368/ |magazine=Smithsonian | date=December 9, 2016}}</ref> As an engineer for GM, Midgley also developed [[chlorofluorocarbon]]s, which have now been banned due to their contributing to [[ozone depletion]] in the upper [[atmosphere]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/one-man-two-deadly-substances-20th-century-180963269/ |title=One Man Invented Two of the Deadliest Substances of the 20th Century | first=Kat |last=Eschner |magazine=Smithsonian |date=May 18, 2017}}</ref>

Under the encouragement of GM President Alfred P. Sloan Jr., GM acquired [[Vauxhall Motors]] for $2.5 million in 1925.<ref name="selling">{{cite news |url= https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2017/03/06/look-history-opel-and-vauxhall-european-brands-gm-selling/98758574/ |title=A look at the history of Opel and Vauxhall, the European brands GM is selling |first=Brent |last=Snavely |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> The company also acquired an interest in the [[Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company]] the same year, and its president, [[John D. Hertz]], joined the board of directors of GM; it acquired the remainder of the company in 1943.<ref name="story" />

=== Growth and acquisitions ===
In 1926, the company introduced the [[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] brand and established the General Motors Group Insurance Program to provide [[life insurance]] to its employees.<ref name="story" /> The following year, after the success of the 1927 model of the [[Cadillac]] [[LaSalle (automobile)|LaSalle]] designed by [[Harley Earl]], Sloan created the "Art and Color Section" of GM and named Earl as its first director. Earl was the first design executive to be appointed to leadership at a major American corporation. Earl created a system of automobile design that is still practiced today.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1511626 | title=Harley Earl and the Art and Color Section: The Birth of Styling at General Motors |first=David |last=Gartman |journal=Design Issues  | year=1994| volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=3–26 | doi=10.2307/1511626 | jstor=1511626  | issn = 0747-9360 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> At the age of 24, [[Bill Mitchell (automobile designer)|Bill Mitchell]] was recruited by Earl to the design team at GM, and he was later appointed as Chief Designer of Cadillac. After Earl retired in December 1958, Mitchell took over automotive design for GM.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Bill Mitchell's design vision shaped 5 decades of GM vehicles |work=Automotive News |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319948/bill-mitchell-s-design-vision-shaped-5-decades-of-gm-vehicles |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Also in 1926 the company acquired [[Fisher Body]], its supplier of automobile bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coase |first=R.H. |date=April 2000 |title=The Acquisition of Fisher Body By General Motors |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/467446 |journal=The Journal of Law and Economics |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/467446 |s2cid=154712364 |issn=0022-2186|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

GM acquired [[Allison Engine Company]]<ref name="story" /><ref>{{cite news |date=May 25, 1929 |title=Motors Acquires Allison Company; Sloan's Announcement Says the Work on Aviation Engines Will Be "Intensified." Diesel Development Seen Race to Perfect Type Said to Be Indicated – $1,000,000 Expansion Plan Recently Made Public. To Expand Operations. $1,000,000 Airplane Contract. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/25/archives/motors-acquires-allison-company-sloans-announcement-says-the-work.html |url-access=limited}}</ref> and began developing a 1,000 horsepower liquid-cooled aircraft engine in 1929.<ref name="story" /> The same year, GM acquired 80% of [[Opel]], which at that time had a 37.5% [[market share]] in Europe, for $26 million. It acquired the remaining 20% in 1931.<ref name="selling" />

In the late-1920s, Charles Kettering embarked on a program to develop a lightweight [[two-stroke diesel engine]] for possible usage in automobiles.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/0603dp-gm-diesel-history/ | title=General Motors' Diesel History – Baselines |first=Bill |last=Senefsky |work=Motor Trend |date=March 1, 2006}}</ref> Soon after, GM acquired [[railcar|self-propelled railcar]] manufacturer [[Electro-Motive Diesel|Electro-Motive Company]] and the [[Winton Motor Carriage Company#Winton Engine Company|Winton Engine Co.]], and in 1941, it expanded EMC's realm to locomotive engine manufacturing and created the [[Electro-Motive Division]] (EMD).<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/general-motors-once-built-locomotives-really-good-ones-261607 | title=General Motors Once Built Locomotives – Really Good Ones |first=Aaron |last=Gold |website=Autotrader.com |date=February 7, 2017}}</ref>

In 1932, GM acquired [[Packard Electric]]<ref name="story" /><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/07/archives/packard-electric-sold-shareholders-ratify-deal-with-general-motors.html | title=Packard Electric Sold; Shareholders Ratify Deal With General Motors by Stock Trade |newspaper=The New York Times | date=April 7, 1932 | url-access=limited}}</ref> (not to be confused with the [[Packard]] car company, which merged with [[Studebaker]] years later). The following year, GM acquired a controlling interest in [[North American Aviation]] and merged it with the [[General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM/309149825/planes-trains-were-also-part-of-gm-s-grand-plan | title=Planes, trains were also part of GM's grand plan |work=Automotive News |date=September 14, 2008 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The GM labor force participated in the formation of the [[United Auto Workers]] [[labor union]] in 1935, and in 1936 the UAW organized the [[Flint Sit-Down Strike]], which initially idled two key plants in Flint, Michigan, and later spread to 6 other plants including those in [[Janesville, Wisconsin]] and [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]. In Flint, police attempted to enter the plant to arrest strikers, leading to violence; in other cities, the plants were shuttered peacefully. The strike was resolved on February 11, 1937, when GM recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for its workers and gave workers a 5% raise and permission to speak in the lunchroom.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sit-down-strike-begins-in-flint |title=Sit-down strike begins in Flint |work=History TV network|date=January 27, 2010 }}</ref>

Walter E. Jominy and A.L. Boegehold of GM invented the Jominy end-quench test for [[hardenability]] of carbon steel in 1937, a breakthrough in [[heat treating]] still in use today as [[ASTM International|ASTM]] A255.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.astm.org/a0255-20a.html |title=ASTM A255-10: Standard Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030082759/http://www.astm.org/Standards/A255.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2013 | publisher=ASTM International}}</ref> GM established [[Detroit Diesel]] the next year.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://empoweringmichigan.com/leading-the-way-for-over-83-years/ | title=Leading the way for over 83 years | first=Lauren | last=Owings | work=DTE Energy | date=June 16, 2021}}</ref>

In 1939, the company founded Motors Insurance Corporation and entered the [[vehicle insurance]] market.<ref name="tarp" /> The same year, GM introduced the [[Hydramatic]], the first affordable and successful [[automatic transmission]], for the 1940 Oldsmobile.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a30463122/selling-the-first-successful-automatic-transmission-gms-hydramatic/ | title=Selling the First Successful Automatic Transmission: GM's Hydra-Matic | first=Murilee | last=Martin |work=AutoWeek | date=April 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2014/05/16/oldsmobiles-hydra-matic-first-mass-produced-fully-automatic-transmission-turns-75 | title=Oldsmobile's Hydra-Matic, first mass-produced fully automatic transmission, turns 75 | first=Daniel | last=Strohl | work=Hemmings Motor News | date=May 16, 2014}}</ref>

{{Gallery
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|File:1926 Pontiac Two Door Coach - Automobile Driving Museum - El Segundo, CA - DSC02106.jpg
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 |1928 [[Pontiac Six|Pontiac Series 6-28]] 2-door 5-passenger Coach sedan
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 |1932 [[Pontiac Six|Pontiac Series 402 Six]] 2-door 5-passenger Coach sedan
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 |1936 [[Pontiac Six#Second Generation (1935-1940)|Pontiac Master Six Series 6BB]] Coupe
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During [[World War II]], GM produced vast quantities of armaments, vehicles, and aircraft for the [[Allies of World War II]]. In 1940, GM's [[William S. Knudsen]] served as head of U.S. wartime production for [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin Roosevelt]], and by 1942, all of GM's production was to support the war.<ref name="Kollewe" /> GM's [[Vauxhall Motors]] manufactured the [[Churchill tank]] series for the Allies, instrumental in the [[North African campaign]].<ref name=story/> GM was also a major manufacturer of aircraft, setting up the [[Eastern Aircraft Division]] with five plants to assemble [[Grumman]]-designed aircraft for the allied navies.  However, its [[Opel]] division, based in Germany, supplied the [[Wehrmacht]] with vehicles. Politically, Sloan, as head of GM at the time, was an ardent opponent of the [[New Deal]], which bolstered [[labor unions]] and [[public transport]]. Sloan admired and supported [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/hitlers-carmaker | title=Hitler's carmaker | first=Edwin | last=Black |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=December 6, 2006}}</ref> Nazi armaments chief [[Albert Speer]] allegedly said in 1977 that Hitler "would never have considered invading Poland" without [[synthetic fuel]] technology provided by General Motors. GM was compensated $32 million by the U.S. government because its German factories were bombed by U.S. forces during the war.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm | title=Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration | first=Michael | last=Dobbs |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 30, 1998}}</ref>

Effective January 28, 1953, [[Charles Erwin Wilson]], then GM president, was named by [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] as [[United States Secretary of Defense]].<ref name=story/>

In December 1953, GM acquired [[Euclid Trucks]], a manufacturer of [[heavy equipment]] for [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthmoving]], including [[dump truck]]s, [[Loader (equipment)|loaders]] and [[wheel tractor-scraper]]s, which later spawned the [[Terex]] brand.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/08/archives/general-motors-moves-to-enter-field-of-offroad-heavy-trucks-offers.html |title=General Motors Moves to Enter Field of Off-Road Heavy Trucks; Offers an Exchange of Stock to the Holders of Shares of Euclid Machinery Co. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 8, 1953 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.constructionequipment.com/tangled-web-euclid-and-terex-truck-history | title=The Tangled Web of Euclid and Terex Truck History | first=Tom |last=Berry |work=Construction Equipment |date=February 4, 2014}}</ref>

=== Periods of innovation ===
[[Alfred P. Sloan]] retired as chairman and was succeeded by Albert Bradley in April 1956.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/03/archives/sloan-80-retires-as-gm-chairman-principals-in-general-motors-shift.html |title=Sloan, 80, Retires as G.M. Chairman; Principals in General Motors Shift |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 3, 1956 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1962, GM introduced the first ever [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] production car in the world in the [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]] Turbo-Jetfire.<ref name=story/><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/business/turbocharged-cars-jetfire-corvair.html |title=How G.M.'s First Turbo Engines Crashed and Burned |first=Roy |last=Furchgott |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 26, 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Two years later, the company introduced its "[[Mark of Excellence]]" logo and trademark at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]]. The company used the mark as their main corporate identifier until 2021.<ref name="Motor Trend">{{cite web |last=Fink |first=Greg |date=January 8, 2021 |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/gm-logo-redesign/ |title=General Motors Redesigns Its Iconic "GM" Logo for the EV Era |work=Motor Trend}}</ref>

GM released the Electrovan in 1966, the first hydrogen [[fuel cell]] car ever produced.<ref>{{cite book | last=Léon | first=Aline | date=2008 | title=Hydrogen Technology: Mobile and Portable Applications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuGJHXj_jcwC&pg=PA287 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=287 |isbn=9783540699255 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=JuGJHXj_jcwC&pg=PA287 | url-status=live}}</ref> Though fuel cells have existed since the early 1800s, General Motors was the first to use a fuel cell, supplied by [[Union Carbide]], to power the wheels of a vehicle with a budget of "millions of dollars".<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/gm-electrovan.htm | title=1966 GM Electrovan – First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle | website=Hydrogencarsnow.com | archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053316/http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/gm-electrovan.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Truett |first=Richard |title=Fuel cell expert takes the long view | url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20020916/SUB/209160740/fuel-cell-expert-takes-the-long-view |work=Automotive News |date=September 16, 2002 |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121331/https://www.autonews.com/article/20020916/SUB/209160740/fuel-cell-expert-takes-the-long-view|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.mercurynews.com/2007/06/15/gm-executive-says-hydrogen-powered-cars-could-be-on-road-in-several-test-markets-in-6-years/ | title=GM executive says hydrogen-powered cars could be on road in several test markets in 6 years |work=Mercury News |agency=Associated Press |date=June 15, 2007 | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308151320/http://www.mercurynews.com/2007/06/15/gm-executive-says-hydrogen-powered-cars-could-be-on-road-in-several-test-markets-in-6-years/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chevrolet nova 1969 ad.jpg|thumb|left|200px|An advertisement for the 1969 [[Chevrolet Chevy II / Nova|Chevrolet Nova]] using the advertising slogan ''"Putting you first, keeps us first"'']]
In the 1960s, GM was an early proponent of [[V6 engine]]s, but quickly lost interest as the popularity of [[muscle car]]s increased. GM demonstrated [[gas turbine]] vehicles powered by [[kerosene]], an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration due to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.conklinsystems.com/firebird/mlife.php | title=America's First Turbine Car | publisher=Conklin Systems | date=November 21, 1952 | archive-date=September 27, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183610/http://www.conklinsystems.com/firebird/mlife.php | url-status=live}}</ref>

In partnership with [[Boeing]], GM's Delco Defense Electronics Division designed the [[Lunar Roving Vehicle]], which traversed the surface of the Moon, in 1971.<ref>{{cite news | last=Rechtin | first=Mark | title=GM's most widely traveled 1971 model was built for the moon | url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM06/309149969/gms-most-widely-traveled-1971-model-was-built-for-the-moon | date=September 14, 2008 |work=Automotive News | archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220736/https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM06/309149969/gm-s-most-widely-traveled-1971-model-was-built-for-the-moon | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/16/business/gm-lockheed-martin-lunar-rover/index.html | title=The 1970s moon buggies are still up there. GM and Lockheed Martin want to make new ones | first=Peter | last=Valdes-Dapena |work=CNN |date=June 17, 2021}}</ref> The following year, GM produced the first rear wheel [[anti-lock braking system]] for two models: the Toronado and Eldorado.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-accessories/a22811340/anti-lock-brakes-the-first-technology-to-help-you-avoid-a-crash-turn-40/ | title=Anti-Lock Brakes, The First Technology to Help You Avoid a Crash, Turn 40 |first=Mate |last=Petrany |work=Road & Track |date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>

In 1973, the Oldsmobile Toronado was the first retail car sold with a passenger [[airbag]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-airbags-1991232 |title=Automotive Airbag History and Invention | first=Mary | last=Bellis |work=Dotdash |date=August 9, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714234135/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-airbags-1991232 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/02/archives/gm-to-offer-airbags-as-option-on-some-74-cars.html |title=G.M. to Offer Air Bags as Option on Some '74 Cars |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 2, 1973 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

[[Thomas Murphy (chairman)|Thomas Murphy]] became CEO of the company, succeeding Richard C. Gerstenberg in November 1974.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/business/thomas-murphy-90-leader-of-gm-in-1970s-prosperity-dies.html |title=Thomas Murphy, 90, Leader of G.M. in 1970's Prosperity, Dies | first=Jeremy W. |last=Peters |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 19, 2006 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/26/business/richard-c-gerstenberg-92-gm-official.html | title=Richard C. Gerstenberg, 92, G.M. Official |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 26, 2002 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

GM installed its first [[catalytic converter]]s in its 1975 models.<ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM/309149832/gm-fought-safety-emissions-rules-but-then-invented-ways-to-comply | title=GM fought safety, emissions rules, but then invented ways to comply |work=Automotive News |date=September 14, 2008 | url-access=subscription}}</ref>

From 1978 to 1985, GM pushed the benefits of [[diesel engine]]s and [[cylinder deactivation]] technologies. However, it had disastrous results due to poor durability in the [[Oldsmobile]] diesels and drivability issues in the [[Cadillac]] V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/automobiles/collectibles/18RUST.html | title=G.M.'s Dreadful Engines Gave Diesels a Bad Name |first=Rob |last=Sass |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 18, 2008 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

GM sold Frigidaire in 1979. Although Frigidaire had between $450 million and $500 million in annual revenues, it was losing money.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/01/archives/gm-to-sell-frigidaire-to-white-consolidated.html | title=G.M. to Sell Frigidaire To White Consolidated |first=Reginald |last=Stuart |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 1, 1979 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

[[File:General Motors building 089833pv.jpg|thumb|General Motors headquarters building, 1981]]
Robert Lee of GM invented the [[neodymium magnet]], which was fabricated by rapid solidification, in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Robert |title=Iron-Rare Earth-Boron Permanent US Patent # 4,792,367 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4792367 |date=December 20, 1988 | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308141154/https://www.google.com/patents/US4792367 | url-status=live}}</ref> This magnet is commonly used in products like a computer hard disk. The same year, GM acquired [[Electronic Data Systems]] for $2.5 billion from [[Ross Perot]] as part of a strategy by CEO [[Roger Smith (executive)|Roger Smith]] to derive at least 10% of its annual worldwide revenue from non-automotive sources.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/29/gm-perot-computer-firm-agree-on-25-billion-merger/88790acf-6b14-4504-af8f-6c874ed27e97/ | title=GM, Perot Computer Firm Agree on $2.5 Billion Merger | first1=Warren | last1=Brown | first2=Michael | last2=Schrage |newspaper=The Washington Post | date=June 29, 1984 | url-access=limited}}</ref> GM also intended to have EDS handle its bookkeeping, help computerize factories, and integrate GM's computer systems. The transaction made Ross Perot the largest shareholder of GM; however, disagreements with Roger Smith led the company to buy all shares held by Ross Perot for $750 million in 1986.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2019/07/09/ross-perot-gm-roger-smith/1682342001/ | title=How Ross Perot became GM's biggest shareholder – and a bitter battle took off |first=Jamie L. |last=LaReau |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |date=July 9, 2019}}</ref>

In a continuation of its diversification plans, GMAC formed GMAC Mortgage and acquired Colonial Mortgage as well as the servicing arm of Norwest Mortgage in 1985. This acquisition included an $11 billion mortgage portfolio.<ref>{{cite news| title=GMAC Buying Mortgage Portfolio| url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-03-14-8501150290-story.html | first=William | last=Gruber |newspaper=Chicago Tribune | date=March 14, 1985}}</ref> The same year, GM acquired the [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] for $5 billion in cash and stock and merged it into [[Delco Electronics]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/06/us/gm-to-acquire-hughes-aircraft-in-5-billion-bid.html |title=G.M. to Acquire Hughes Aircraft in $5 Billion Bid |first=Robert J. |last=Cole |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1985 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The following year, GM acquired 59.7% of [[Lotus Cars]], a British producer of high-performance [[sports car]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/23/business/gm-acquires-59.7-of-lotus.html | title=G.M. Acquires 59.7% of Lotus |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 23, 1986 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1987, in conjunction with [[AeroVironment]], GM built the [[Sunraycer]], which won the inaugural [[World Solar Challenge]] and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the [[General Motors EV1]].<ref>{{cite web|title=General Motors 'SunRaycer' |url= https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1299505 | publisher=Smithsonian Institution |archive-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034108/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1299505 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1988, GM acquired a 15% stake in AeroVironment.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/15/business/gm-acquires-15-stake.html |title=G.M. Acquires 15% Stake |newspaper=The New York Times | date=August 15, 1988 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1989, GM acquired half of [[Saab Automobile]]'s car operations for $600 million.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/12/16/gm-agrees-to-buy-half-of-saabs-car-operations/a400db95-6130-4613-baba-50592453eb7f/ |title=GM Agrees to Buy Half of Saab's Car Operations |first=Warren |last=Brown |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 16, 1989}}</ref>

=== Sales of assets ===
In August 1990, [[Robert Stempel]] became CEO of the company, succeeding [[Roger Smith (executive)|Roger Smith]].<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/04/business/gm-picks-its-next-chairman.html | title=G.M. Picks Its Next Chairman | first=Doron P. |last=Levin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 4, 1990 |url-access=limited}}</ref> GM cut output significantly and suffered losses that year due to the [[early 1990s recession]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/30/business/gm-cuts-output-in-the-latest-sign-of-economic-slump.html | title=G.M. Cuts Output in the Latest Sign of Economic Slump | first=Doron P. | last=Levin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 30, 1990 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1990, GM debuted the [[General Motors EV1]] (Impact) concept, a [[battery electric vehicle]], at the [[LA Auto Show]]. It was the first car with zero emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was produced as the [[EV1]] for the 1996 model year and was available only via lease from certain dealers in California and Arizona. In 1999–2002, GM ceased production of the vehicles and started to not renew the leases, disappointing many people, allegedly because the program would not be profitable and would [[Cannibalization (marketing)|cannibalize]] its existing business. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors, and except for around 40 which were donated to museums with their electric powertrains deactivated, all were destroyed. The documentary film ''[[Who Killed the Electric Car?]]'' covered the EV1 story.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/could-the-electric-car-save-us/ | title=Could the electric car save us? |work=CBS News | date=September 6, 2007 |archive-date=August 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130829092212/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/06/sunday/main3239838.shtml | url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 1992, [[John F. Smith Jr.]] became CEO of the company.<ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/business/jack-and-john-2-for-the-road-at-gm.html | title=Jack and John: 2 for The Road At G.M. |first=Judith H. |last=Dobrzynski |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 9, 1995 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1993, GM sold [[Lotus Cars]] to [[Bugatti]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/28/business/company-news-gm-sells-its-lotus-group-to-bugatti.html | title=Company News; G.M. Sells its Lotus Group to Bugatti |agency=Bloomberg News |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 28, 1993 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1996, in a return to its automotive basics, GM completed the [[corporate spin-off]] of [[Electronic Data Systems]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/08/business/worldbusiness/IHT-gm-will-sell-eds-to-return-to-auto-basics.html | title=GM Will Sell EDS to Return To Auto Basics | first=Lawrence | last=Malkin |newspaper=The New York Times | date=August 8, 1995 | url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-04-02-fi-54010-story.html | title=GM Board OKs Divestiture of Electronic Data Systems Unit | first=Donald W. |last=Nauss |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 2, 1996 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1997, GM sold the military businesses of [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] to [[Raytheon Company]] for $9.5 billion in stock and the assumption of debt.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/17/business/gm-to-sell-a-hughes-unit-to-raytheon.html |title=G.M. to Sell A Hughes Unit To Raytheon |first=James |last=Sterngold |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 17, 1997 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1997/01/17/raytheon-to-buy-hughes-from-gm-for-95-billion/bbfa92aa-06d0-49c1-9076-82984cbf521a/ |title=Raytheon to Buy Hughes from GM for $9.5 Billion | first=John |last=Mintz |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 17, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB853446697700142000 |title=GM's Board Approves Sale Of Hughes Unit to Raytheon |first1=Steven |last1=Lipin |first2=Gabriella |last2=Stern |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 17, 1997 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://money.cnn.com/1997/01/16/deals/hughes/| title=Raytheon wins Hughes bid |work=CNN |date=January 16, 1997}}</ref>

In February 2000, [[Rick Wagoner]] was named CEO, succeeding Smith.<ref>{{Cite news | url= https://www.upi.com/Archives/2000/02/02/General-Motors-names-Wagoner-CEO/6130949467600/ | title=General Motors names Wagoner CEO | work=United Press International | date=February 2, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2000/02/03/gm-appoints-wagoner-as-ceo/3232b4cc-5227-429a-8506-9868e09884af/ |title=GM Appoints Wagoner As CEO | first1=Frank | last1=Swoboda | first2=Warren |last2=Brown | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=February 3, 2000}}</ref> The next month, GM gave 5.1% of its common stock, worth $2.4 billion, to acquire a 20% share of [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2000/03/14/gm-to-acquire-20-stake-in-fiat/95c5c9ae-7201-453c-b177-28178943ec3c/ | title=GM to Acquire 20% Stake in Fiat | first=Warren | last=Brown |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 14, 2000}}</ref>

In December 2000, GM announced that it would begin phasing out [[Oldsmobile]]. The brand was eventually discontinued in 2004, seven years after it had become the first American car brand to turn 100.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/06/automobiles/behind-the-wheel-2004-oldsmobile-alero-not-with-a-bang-but-a-whimper.html | title=BEHIND THE WHEEL/2004 Oldsmobile Alero; Not With a Bang but a Whimper | first=James | last=Cobb |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 6, 2004}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|footer=
|File:Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid MLB All Star Game edition at 67 St NYC.jpg
 |alt1=
 |[[Chevrolet Tahoe]] [[hybrid vehicle]]
|File:Chevrolet Volt WAS 2017 1533.jpg
 |alt2=
 |[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|Second generation Chevrolet Volt]]
|File:DCA 06 2012 Chevy Volt 4035.JPG
 |alt3=
 |The [[Chevrolet Volt]]
|File:EV1 (6).jpg
 |alt4=
 |The [[General Motors EV1]], an [[electric car]], was introduced in California in 1996.
}}

In May 2004, GM delivered the first full-sized [[pickup truck]] [[hybrid vehicle]]s, the 1/2-ton [[Chevrolet Silverado]]/[[GMC Sierra]] trucks.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/wheels/cars/chevrolet/silverado-1500/ | title=2004 Chevy Silverado LS1500 4WD Extended-Cab Hybrid | last=Frank | first=Michael |work=Forbes | archive-date=February 28, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180228224829/https://www.forbes.com/2004/08/20/cx_mf_0823test.html#7f22900e6033 | url-status=live}}</ref> These [[mild hybrid]]s did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. Later, the company debuted another hybrid technology, co-developed with [[Mercedes-Benz Group|DaimlerChrysler]] and [[BMW]], in diesel-electric hybrid powertrain manufactured by [[Allison Transmission]] for transit buses.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20080616/OEM01/306169955/gm-s-two-mode-hybrid-system-scores-with-transit-agencies | title=GM's Two Mode hybrid system scores with transit agencies | first=Jack | last=Herman |work=Automotive News | date=June 16, 2008 | url-access=subscription}}</ref> Continuing to target the diesel-hybrid market, the [[Opel Astra]] [[diesel engine]] [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] [[concept vehicle]] was rolled out in January 2005.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15131615/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid-concept-auto-shows/ | title=Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid Concept | first=Ron | last=King |work=Car and Driver |date=January 1, 2005}}</ref> Later that year, GM sold its [[Electro-Motive Diesel]] locomotive division to [[private equity firm]]s [[Berkshire Partners]] and Greenbriar Equity Group.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.joc.com/rail-intermodal/gm-sells-locomotive-manufacturer_20050405.html | title=GM Sells Locomotive Manufacturer |work=The Journal of Commerce | date=April 5, 2005 | url-access=limited | access-date=January 9, 2022 | archive-date=January 9, 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220109215351/https://www.joc.com/rail-intermodal/gm-sells-locomotive-manufacturer_20050405.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2005-01-13-0501130291-story.html | title=GM to sell area locomotive unit | first=James P. | last=Miller |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=January 13, 2005 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

GM paid $2 billion to sever its ties with [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]] in 2005, severing ties with the company due to an increasingly contentious dispute.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/14/business/worldbusiness/gm-will-pay-2-billion-to-sever-ties-to-fiat.html | title=G.M. Will Pay $2 Billion to Sever Ties to Fiat | first=Danny | last=Hakim |newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 14, 2005 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

GM began adding its "[[Mark of Excellence]]" emblem on all new vehicles produced and sold in North America in mid-2005. However, after the reorganization in 2009, the company no longer added the logo, saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo.<ref>{{cite news | last=Johnson | first=Kimberly S. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-08-25-gm-logo_N.htm | title=GM To Remove Its Mark from Vehicles To Emphasize Brand |work=USA Today |date=August 27, 2009 |archive-date=August 28, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828151812/http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-08-25-gm-logo_N.htm | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2009/08/68497806/1 | title=General Motors to remove its 'Mark of Excellence' logos from new cars – Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive |work=USA Today |date=August 26, 2009 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070016/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2009/08/68497806/1 | url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, [[Edward T. Welburn]] was promoted to the newly created position of vice president, GM Global Design, making him the first African American to lead a global automotive design organization and the highest-ranking African American in the US motor industry at that time. On July 1, 2016, he retired from General Motors after 44 years. He was replaced by [[Michael Simcoe]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/general-motors-design-boss-ed-welburn-retire-july-1 |title=GM Design boss Ed Welburn retiring July 1 |work=Autoweek |date=April 7, 2016 | archive-date=February 28, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070904/https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/general-motors-design-boss-ed-welburn-retire-july-1 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15347774/general-motors-design-chief-ed-welburn-retiring-after-44-years/ |title=General Motors Design Chief Ed Welburn Retiring after 44 Years |first=Clifford | last=Atiyeh |work=Car and Driver |date=April 7, 2016}}</ref>

In 2006, GM introduced a bright yellow fuel cap on its vehicles to remind drivers that cars can operate using [[E85]] [[ethanol fuel]].<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehicles_N.htm | title='Flex-fuel' Vehicles Touted |work=USA Today |first=Ken |last=Thomas |date=May 7, 2007|archive-date=September 16, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916144126/http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehicles_N.htm| url-status=live}}</ref> They also introduced another hybrid vehicle that year, the [[Saturn Vue#Green Line|Saturn Vue Green Line]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2061346/2006-saturn-vue-green-line-going-green-saturn-debuts-gms-newest-hybrid/ | title=2006 Saturn Vue Green Line: Going Green: Saturn Debuts GM's Newest Hybrid |first=Larry | last=Edsall |work=Autoweek |date=January 8, 2006}}</ref>

In 2008, General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free by recycling or reusing waste in the manufacturing process.<ref>{{cite press release |title=GM Surpasses Landfill-Free Facilities Commitment | url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_landfill.html | publisher=General Motors | archive-date=August 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807113946/http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_landfill.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Continuing their environmental-conscious development, GM started to offer the [[2-mode hybrid]] system in the [[Chevrolet Tahoe]], [[GMC Yukon]], [[Cadillac Escalade]], and [[pickup truck]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/automobiles/autoreviews/27AUTO.html | title=Big S.U.V.'s Drink Less |first=Bob |last=Knoll |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 27, 2008 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

In late 2008, the world's largest [[List of rooftop photovoltaic installations|rooftop solar power installation]] was installed at GM's manufacturing plant in [[Zaragoza]]. The Zaragoza solar installation has about {{convert|2000000|sqft|m2}} of roof at the plant and contains about 85,000 solar panels. The installation was created, owned, and operated by [[Veolia]] Environment and Clairvoyant Energy, which leases the rooftop area from GM.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Apr/0426_earth.html |title=Let The Sun Shine | publisher=General Motors | date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | work=Reuters | date=July 8, 2008 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKCAS84477520080708 | title=GM Europe puts solar roof on Spanish plant | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220758/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKCAS84477520080708 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=The Guardian | date=July 9, 2008 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy | title=GM installs the world's biggest rooftop solar panels | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309072629/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy |archive-date=March 9, 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>

===Chapter 11 bankruptcy and bailout===
{{further|General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization}}
In March 2009, after the company had received $17.4 billion in bailouts but was not effective in a turnaround, President [[Barack Obama]] forced the resignation of CEO [[Rick Wagoner]].<ref>{{Cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7971202.stm | title=GM chief Wagoner ousted by Obama |work=BBC News | date=March 30, 2009}}</ref>

General Motors filed for a government-backed [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] reorganization on June 8, 2009.<ref name=Slim>{{cite news | last=Vlasic | first=Bill| date=July 10, 2009 | title=G.M. Vow to Slim Includes Top Ranks |newspaper=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11auto.html |url-status=live | url-access=limited | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184418/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11auto.html | archive-date=January 20, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Primer>{{cite news | last=Maynard | first=Micheline | date=July 10, 2009 |title=A Primer on the New General Motors |newspaper=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11primer.html |url-status=live | url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018152537/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11primer.html | archive-date=October 18, 2011}}</ref> On July 10, 2009, the original General Motors sold assets and some subsidiaries to an entirely new company, including the trademark "General Motors".<ref name=Slim/><ref name=Primer/> Liabilities were left with the original GM, renamed [[Motors Liquidation Company]], freeing the companies of many liabilities and resulting in a new GM.<ref name=Slim/><ref name=Primer/>

Through the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]], the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] invested $49.5 billion in General Motors and recovered $39 billion when it sold its shares on December 9, 2013, resulting in a loss of $10.3 billion. The Treasury invested an additional $17.2 billion into GM's former financing company, GMAC (now [[Ally Financial]]). The shares in Ally were sold on December 18, 2014, for $19.6 billion netting the government $2.4 billion in profit, including dividends.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41846.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210907131035/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41846.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |url-status=live | title=Government Assistance for GMAC/Ally Financial: Unwinding the Government Stake | first1=Baird | last1=Webel | first2=Bill | last2=Canis |work=Congressional Research Service | date=January 26, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Greg | last=Gardner | title=U.S. exits Ally, auto bailout closed | work=USA Today | date=December 19, 2014 | url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/12/19/us-tarp-ally-auto-bailout/20659473/ | archive-date=September 3, 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903225325/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/12/19/us-tarp-ally-auto-bailout/20659473/ | url-status=live}}</ref> A study by the [[Center for Automotive Research]] found that the GM bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved $34.9 billion in tax revenue.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/12/09/government-treasury-gm-general-motors-tarp-bailout-exit-sale/3925515/ | first=James R. | last=Healey | title=Government Sells Last of Its GM Shares |work=USA Today |date=December 10, 2013 | archive-date=December 25, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225102318/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/12/09/government-treasury-gm-general-motors-tarp-bailout-exit-sale/3925515/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

[[General Motors Canada]] was not part of the General Motors Chapter 11 bankruptcy.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5502VY20090601 |title=Factbox – General Motors Bankruptcy Filing Law |work=Reuters |date=June 1, 2009 |first=Soyoung |last=Kim | archive-date=June 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610080458/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5502VY20090601 | url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-reorganization===
In June 2009, at the request of [[Steven Rattner]], lead adviser to President [[Barack Obama]] on the [[Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry]], [[Edward Whitacre Jr.]], who had led a restructuring of [[AT&T]], was appointed as chairman of General Motors.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/business/10auto.html | title=G.M. Chairman's Task: Bring Fresh Perspective | first=Bill | last=Vlasic | newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 9, 2009 | url-access=limited}}</ref> Whitacre was tasked with overseeing GM's emergence from bankruptcy and downsizing its sizable number of brand marques, many of which had produced chronic losses even before the recession began. In July 2009, after 40 days of bankruptcy protection, the company emerged from the government-backed [[General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106459662 | title=A 'New' GM Emerges From Bankruptcy | work=NPR |date=July 10, 2009}}</ref>

As mandated by its bailout agreement, GM began the process of shedding its poorest-performing brands in June 2009: Hummer, Saab, Saturn, and Pontiac. An October 2009 agreement to sell the Hummer brand to [[People's Republic of China|China]]-based [[Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company]] Ltd.<ref>
{{cite news |url = https://money.cnn.com/2009/06/02/news/companies/gm_hummer/index.htm?postversion=2009060207 |work = CNN |date = June 2, 2009 |access-date = March 30, 2010 |title = Who bought Hummer? Sichuan Tengzhong of China |first = Aaron |last = Smith }} 
</ref> and a group of private investors fell through three months later, resulting in GM seeking a new suitor.<ref name="Ref_i">{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1040245/1/.html |title= GM studying new offers for Hummer |website=www.channelnewsasia.com |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301035727/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1040245/1/.html |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> American company Raser Technologies, along with several others, expressed interest in buying the company, but none of the proposed acquisitions came to fruition, and in April 2010 GM said it was officially shutting down the Hummer brand.<ref>{{cite news|last=Valdes-Dapena |first=Peter |title=Hummer sale: Only 2,200 left |publisher=CNN |date=April 12, 2010 |url= https://money.cnn.com/2010/04/07/autos/gm_hummer_deals/ |access-date=April 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/why-isnt-gm-selling-hummer/38655 |title=Why Isn't GM Selling HUMMER? |last=Indiviglio |first=Daniel |work=The Atlantic |date=April 8, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015}}</ref> Similarly, GM's efforts to sell its Saturn division yielded an early suitor. In June 2009, GM announced that the [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]] brand would be sold to the [[Penske Automotive Group]].<ref name="Goldman2009">{{cite news |url = https://money.cnn.com/2009/06/05/news/companies/saturn_penske/?postversion=2009060511 |work = CNN |date = June 5, 2009 |access-date = March 30, 2010 |title = GM to sell Saturn to Penske |first1 = David |last1 = Goldman |first2 = Peter |last2 = Valdes-Dapena }}</ref> The deal fell through, however, and GM declared the brand defunct in October 2010. While GM agreed to shed its underperforming Pontiac brand as part of its bailout agreement, the company explicitly opted not to sell it to another company.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/dying-car-brands-lifestyle-vehicles-pontiac.html | title=America's Fastest-Dying Car Brands | work=Forbes | date=April 27, 2009 | first=Hannah | last=Elliott | archive-date=May 14, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514165513/http://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/dying-car-brands-lifestyle-vehicles-pontiac.html | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Kristin|title=Pontiac not for sale, GM says, despite local dealership's offer to buy|url= http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2009/05/pontiac_not_for_sale_gm_says_d.html |access-date=October 24, 2012 |newspaper=The Flint Journal |date=May 7, 2009}}</ref> The last Pontiac was built in January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34224218 |title=Pontiac hits end of the road after 82 years |website=Nbcnews.com |access-date=October 5, 2014 |date=December 3, 2009}}</ref>

GM was more successful in its attempts to sell [[Saab Automobile]]: the company closed a sale to Dutch automaker [[Spyker Cars]] in February 2010.<ref>{{cite news | last=Ahlander | first=Johan | date=January 26, 2010 | title=Tiny Spyker snaps up GM's Saab for $400 million | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-saab-idUSTRE60M14E20100126 | work=Reuters | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144248/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/26/us-gm-saab-idUSTRE60M14E20100126 | url-status=live}}</ref> Saab continued to perform poorly under Spyker's management, however, and in 2012 the Saab division declared [[Saab Automobile bankruptcy|bankruptcy]].

In 2009, GM faced significant challenges in its Asian operations, particularly in Korea with GM-Daewoo Automotive Technology Company (GMDAT).<ref name="finance.yahoo.com">{{cite web | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/secret-history-gm-chinese-bailout-100038156.html | title=The secret history of GM's Chinese bailout | date=January 24, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="qz.com">{{cite web | url=https://qz.com/594984/the-secret-history-of-gms-chinese-bailout | title=The secret history of GM's Chinese bailout | date=January 24, 2016 }}</ref> At the time, GM would manufacture low-cost small cars in Korea and export them to developing markets, including China. GMDAT suffered from cash flow issues exacerbated by a $1.5 billion loss in foreign exchange in the first quarter of 2009. GM's precarious financial situation, exacerbated by impending bankruptce, and the reluctance of the US government rescuers to address overseas issues, left few options. Facing a frozen credit market and the Korean Development Bank's refusal to extend loans beyond the existing $2 billion owed by GMDAT, GM had no alternative but to seek capital from China.<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/><ref name="qz.com"/>

By mid-November 2009, GM suddenly had $491 million available for GMDAT's turnaround, though the source of the funds was initially unclear.<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/><ref name="qz.com"/> It was later revealed that GM had sold a 1% stake in Shanghai GM to [[SAIC Motor]], effectively giving SAIC Motor controlling interest in the venture. Additionally, GM transformed its struggling GM India division into a joint venture, with SAIC Motor acquiring a 50% stake in exchange for a $350 million investment. GM executives stated that SAIC Motor's involvement facilitated access to Chinese banking sector funding, which would have been challenging to secure independently. In its 2010 SEC filing, GM clarified that SAIC had helped secure a $400 million commercial bank loan, using its stake in Shanghai-GM as collateral.<ref name="finance.yahoo.com"/><ref name="qz.com"/>

In December 2009, the "new" GM's [[board of directors]] asked CEO [[Fritz Henderson]] to resign, and its chairman, Ed Whitacre, was named interim CEO.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/business/02motors.html | title=G.M. Asks Its Chief to Resign | first=Bill | last=Vlasic | newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 1, 2009 | url-access=limited}}</ref> GM opted to appoint Whitacre as its permanent CEO the following month, though Whitacre ultimately stepped down as CEO in September 2010, relinquishing the position to fellow GM board member [[Daniel Akerson]] but agreeing to continue on as GM chairman until the end of the year. Akerson replaced him as chairman, while continuing as CEO, in January 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vlasic |first=Bill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/business/20auto.html |title=G.M. Chief Sees I.P.O. As Exit Sign |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/business/gms-chief-daniel-akerson-shakes-up-automakers-staid-traditions.html | title=Bluntly and Impatiently, Chief Upends G.M.'s Staid Tradition | first=Bill | last=Vlasic | newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 9, 2011 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 2010, GM introduced the [[Chevrolet Volt]] as an [[extended-range electric vehicle]] (EREV), an electric vehicle with backup generators powered by gasoline, a type of [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Lithium-Ion Batteries | pages=151–176 | chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450 | last1=Matthe | first1=Roland| last2=Eberle | first2=Ulrich | date=January 1, 2014 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-59513-3.00008-X | chapter=The Voltec System—Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion | isbn=9780444595133 | archive-date=October 9, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220808/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450_The_Voltec_System_Energy_Storage_and_Electric_Propulsion| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=RSC>{{cite journal | title=Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview |journal=Energy & Environmental Science |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=689 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220 |last1=Eberle | first1=Ulrich | first2=Rittmar | last2=von Helmolt | date=May 14, 2010 | doi=10.1039/C001674H |bibcode=2010EnEnS...3..689E | archive-date=October 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070726/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220_Sustainable_transportation_based_on_electric_vehicle_concepts_a_brief_overview | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=VDI>{{cite conference |title=Vehicle Electrification – Quo Vadis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987248 |last1=Brinkman |first1=Norman |first2=Ulrich |last2=Eberle |first3=Volker |last3=Formanski |first4=Uwe-Dieter |last4=Grebe |first5=Roland |last5=Matthe |publisher=Verein Deutscher Ingenieure |conference=33rd International Vienna Motor Symposium 2012 |date=April 15, 2012 | doi=10.13140/2.1.2638.8163 | archive-date=December 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222075646/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987248 |url-status=live}}</ref> GM delivered the first Volt in December 2010.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_volt |title=Chevrolet Volts Begin Shipping to Dealerships | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216022522/http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_volt | archive-date=December 16, 2010}}</ref>  GM built a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with [[Segway Inc.]] An early prototype of the [[Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility]] vehicle{{snd}}dubbed [[Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility|Project P.U.M.A.]]{{snd}}was presented in New York at the 2009 [[New York International Auto Show]].<ref>{{cite news | last=Cora | first=Nucci | title=GM, Segway roll-out Project PUMA | url= https://www.informationweek.com/pc-and-servers/gm-segway-roll-out-project-p-u-m-a- |work=InformationWeek |date=April 7, 2009 | archive-date=December 3, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010306/http://www.informationweek.com/applications/gm-segway-roll-out-project-puma/d/d-id/1078368 | url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Gallery
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|File:14 Buick LaCrosse (14344035480).jpg
 |alt1=
 |[[Buick LaCrosse#Second generation (2010)|2nd generation Buick LaCrosse (2010–2016)]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/reviews/a4429/4325072/ |title=2010 Buick LaCrosse Test Drive: Can New 30-MPG Buick Sedan Revive the Brand? |work=Popular Mechanics |date=July 16, 2009 |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412035250/http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/reviews/a4429/4325072/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/buick-big-in-china-seeks-to-recapture-us-glory/ | title=Buick, Big in China from the first sales by the McLaughlin's, Seeks to Recapture U.S. Glory | work=CBS News |date=March 23, 2010 |archive-date=April 4, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160404033231/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/buick-big-in-china-seeks-to-recapture-us-glory/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|File:Auto Show 068.jpg
 |alt2=
 |[[General Motors Sequel]], a fuel cell-powered vehicle from GM.
|File:Chevrolet Impala FlexFuel 34 MIA 12 2008 with logo.jpg
 |alt3=
 |E85 FlexFuel [[Chevrolet Impala]] LT 2009 (USA)
|File:Chevrolet Bolt EV SAO 2016 8894.jpg
 |alt4=
 |The [[Chevrolet Bolt EV]] was released in late 2016.
}}

On January 15, 2014, [[Mary Barra]] was named chief executive officer, succeeding [[Daniel Akerson]]. Barra also joined the GM board.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://media.gm.com/media/jp/ja/cadillac/corp-news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/emergency_news/2013/1210-gm-execs.html |title=Dan Akerson to Retire as GM CEO in January 2014 |work=GM Media |date=December 12, 2013 |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094456/http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/emergency_news/2013/1210-gm-execs.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Only three weeks later, the company announced its [[2014 General Motors recall]], which was due to faulty ignition switches, and was linked to at least 124 deaths. The resulting settlements with family members of those killed were estimated to cost the company $1.5 billion.<ref name=shell>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/business/general-motors-ignition-suits-bankruptcy.html | title=Shell of Old G.M. Surfaces in Court Fight Over Ignition Flaw | first1=Bill | last1=Vlasic | first2=Neal E. | last2=Boudette | newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 17, 2017 |url-access=limited | archive-date=June 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063724/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/business/general-motors-ignition-suits-bankruptcy.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Under Barra, GM began a multi-year abandonment of many markets, choosing to focus on higher-profit markets like North America and China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wayland |first1=Michael |title=General Motors is retreating from Australia, New Zealand and Thailand |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/17/general-motors-gm-retreats-from-australia-new-zealand-and-thailand.html |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=CNBC |date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

On January 4, 2016, in its first investment in a [[ridesharing company]], GM invested $500 million in [[Lyft]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kokalitcheva |first=Kia |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/04/lyft-funding-gm/ |title=Lyft Raises $1 Billion, GM Joins As Investor And Driverless Car Partner |date=January 4, 2016 |journal=Fortune |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117102214/http://fortune.com/2016/01/04/lyft-funding-gm/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Alex | url=https://time.com/4166130/general-motors-lyft/ |title=Why General Motors Invested $500 Million in Lyft | magazine=Time |date=January 4, 2016 |archive-date=January 16, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160116071120/http://time.com/4166130/general-motors-lyft/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The company does not directly supply Lyft drivers with vehicles, however – and has no plans to do so in the future – and Lyft ultimately partnered with [[Motional]] for production of its autonomous vehicles.

In March 2016, GM acquired [[Cruise (autonomous vehicle)|Cruise]], a [[San Francisco]] self-driving vehicle start-up, to develop self-driving cars that could be used in ride-sharing fleets.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND | title=GM buys Cruise Automation to speed self-driving car strategy | first=Joseph | last=White | work=Reuters |date=March 11, 2016 | archive-date=March 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313032841/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784 | title=GM Buys Self-Driving Technology Startup Cruise | website=NDTV |date=March 12, 2016 | archive-date=March 12, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130144/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784 |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2022, Cruise received California's first Driverless Deployment Permit, allowing it to both charge fees for its service as well as offer fully autonomous rides in a major public city.<ref name=CNBC-202206>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/cruise-gets-green-light-for-commercial-robotaxis-in-san-francisco.html |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Cruise gets green light for commercial robotaxi service in San Francisco |access-date=June 3, 2022 |first=Lora |last=Kolodny |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> ''[[The Verge]]'' reported that the company lost $561 million in Q1 2023, but said it remains on the path to reach $1 billion in revenue by 2025 and $50 billion by 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=April 25, 2023 |title=Cruise continues to burn GM's cash as robotaxis expand to daylight hours |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/25/23697406/cruise-robotaxi-gm-daylight-sf-earnings |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2016, GM began production of the [[Chevrolet Bolt EV]], the first-ever mass market [[all-electric car]] with a range of more than {{convert|200|mi|km|round=5|abbr=out}}.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php |title=Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000 | first=David R. |last=Baker | newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=April 1, 2016 | archive-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905214935/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-bolt-ev-range-20160912-snap-story.html | title=Chevy Bolt EV range is 238 miles: Prime time for the electric car? | first=Charles | last=Fleming | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=September 12, 2016 | url-access=limited | archive-date=September 13, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913152607/http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-bolt-ev-range-20160912-snap-story.html | url-status=live}}</ref> The battery pack and most drivetrain components were built by [[LG Corporation]] and assembled in GM's plant in [[Lake Orion, Michigan]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/07/27/chevrolet-bolt-ev/87615124/ | title=Chevy Bolt EV to ship to dealers in fourth quarter | first=Melissa | last=Burden | newspaper=The Detroit News | date=July 27, 2016 | archive-date=July 28, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160728181944/http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/07/27/chevrolet-bolt-ev/87615124/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=LaReau |first1=Jamie |title=GM's Cruise partners with Uber to offer self-driving ride-hailing service |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2024/08/22/gms-cruise-uber-self-driving-ride-hailing/74909348007/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Detroit Free Press |date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

In 2017, GM sold [[General Motors Europe]], which produced the German [[Opel]] and British [[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] brands, to the French [[PSA Group]] (owners of the [[Peugeot]] and [[Citroën]] brands), after having posted 16 years of consecutive losses. The deal was worth US$2.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-opel-m-a-idUSKBN16A240|title=Exclusive: PSA agrees to buy Opel from GM, wins board approval – sources|date=March 3, 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-03-03}}</ref><ref name="PSA-GM 2017-03-06">{{cite news|title=Opel/Vauxhall to join PSA Group|url=http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/press-releases/group/opelvauxhall-join-psa-group|access-date=March 7, 2017|publisher=PSA Group|date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306210707/http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/press-releases/group/opelvauxhall-join-psa-group|archive-date=March 6, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three years later, in 2020, PSA merged with [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] and the new entity was named [[Stellantis]].<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=STELLANTIS: The name of the new group resulting from the merger of FCA and Groupe PSA |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/media_center/fca_press_release/FiatDocuments/2020/july/Stellantis_The_name_of_new_group_resulting_from_the_merger_of_FCA_and_Groupe_PSA.pdf |location=Vélizy-Villacoublay and London |publisher=FCA and Groupe PSA |date=2020-07-15 |access-date=2020-07-15}}</ref>

In December 2017, GM ceased vehicle sales in India and sold its [[Gujarat]] plant to [[SAIC Motor]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Doval |first=Pankaj |date=December 21, 2020 |title=China tensions trip General Motors unit sale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/china-tensions-trip-general-motors-unit-sale/articleshow/79831214.cms |access-date=December 21, 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The Talegaon plant remained operational for export production until December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GM ends India operations; Talegaon plant future hangs in the balance |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/gm-ends-india-operations-talegaon-plant-future-hangs-in-the-balance-419512 |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> In January 2024, the Talegaon plant was acquired by [[Hyundai Motor India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Hyundai completes acquisition of General Motors' Talegaon plant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/hyundai-acquires-talegaon-plant-from-general-motors-2490954-2024-01-19 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On February 17, 2020, GM announced its exit from Thailand, Australia and New Zealand, its major right-hand drive markets, after GM stated it would no longer produce right-hand drive vehicles globally. It pulled out of Indonesia, another right-hand drive market, in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Szymkowski |first1=Sean |date=17 February 2020 |title=General Motors scraps Holden division, exits right-hand drive markets |url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/general-motors-holden-sales-design-engineering-end/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211224214250/https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/general-motors-holden-sales-design-engineering-end/ |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=Roadshow |language=en |agency=CNet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-17 |title=General Motors (GM) ประกาศยุติการขายรถยนต์ Chevrolet ในประเทศไทย ในปี 2563 นี้ ! |trans-title=General Motors (GM) announced that it will stop selling Chevrolet cars in Thailand in 2020! |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/general-motors-gm-ends-chevrolet-in-thailand/ |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=HeadLight Magazine |language=th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-17 |title=GM's Factory Sell-Off To China's Great Wall Motors Continues, This Time In Thailand |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2020/02/gms-factory-selloff-to-chinas-great-wall-motors-continues-this-time-in-thailand/ |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=Carscoops |language=en-US}}</ref> It sold its [[General Motors Thailand|Thailand manufacturing plant]] to Chinese automaker [[Great Wall Motor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GWM and GM Sign Agreement for Purchase of GM Thailand Rayong Manufacturing Facility-GWM News-GWM |url=https://www.gwm-global.com/news/587.html |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=GWM Global |language=en}}</ref>

On January 8, 2021, GM introduced a new logo alongside the tagline "EVerybody in", with the capitalized "EV" as a nod to the company's commitment to electric vehicles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/general-motors-debuts-new-corporate-logo-focus-electric-vehicles-n1253505 | title=General Motors debuts new corporate logo with focus on electric vehicles | work=NBC News | date=January 8, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Motor Trend" /> GM's new logo used [[negative space]] to create the idea of an electric plug in the "M" of the logo.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.engadget.com/gm-logo-branding-electric-vehicles-210607845.html | title=GM modernizes its logo to highlight its EV-centric future | first=Kris | last=Holt | work=Engadget | date=January 8, 2021}}</ref>

At the January 2021 [[Consumer Electronics Show]], GM launched [[BrightDrop]], a brand for all-electric [[commercial vehicle]]s.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2021/01/12/general-motors-launches-brightdrop-new-electric-commercial-vehicle-brand/ | title=GM Launches 'BrightDrop' Brand For Electric Commercial Vehicles | first=Sam | last=Abuelsamid | work=Forbes |date=January 12, 2021 | url-access=limited}}</ref>

On January 28, 2021, GM announced that it will end production and sales of [[Internal combustion engine|fossil-fuel vehicles]] (including hybrids and plug-in hybrids) by 2035 as part of its plan to reach [[carbon neutrality]] by 2040.<ref name=NYTZero />

In 2021, GM announced plans to establish an automotive battery and [[battery pack]] laboratory in Michigan.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://apnews.com/article/technology-science-business-michigan-environment-and-nature-460f843ebabeee6d16f8ff8395de8cdd |title=GM building giant battery development lab in Detroit suburb |first=Tom |last=Krisher |work=Associated Press |date=October 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/gm-builds-electric-battery-lab-in-michigan-as-it-tries-to-cut-ev-costs-extend-range/2021/10/05/320d5186-25cb-11ec-8831-a31e7b3de188_story.html | title=GM builds electric battery lab in Michigan as it tries to cut EV costs, extend range | newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 5, 2021 | url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2021/10/05/gm-building-giant-battery-development-lab-in-detroit-suburb/ | title=GM Building Giant Battery Development Lab In Detroit Suburb | first=Sara | last=Powers | work=CBS News | date=October 5, 2021}}</ref> GM will be responsible for battery management systems and power electronics, thermal management, as well as the pack assembly. An existing GM facility at Brownstown Township was chosen to be upgraded as a battery pack plant.<ref name="RSC"/> LG Chem's U.S. subsidiary, Compact Power of [[Troy, Michigan|Troy]], Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and acting as a liaison for the program.<ref>{{cite press release | title=General Motors and LG Chem Team Up to Advance Toward an All-Electric Future, Add Jobs in Ohio | url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2019/dec/1205-lgchem.html | publisher=General Motors | date=December 5, 2019 | archive-date=June 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614032715/https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2019/dec/1205-lgchem.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

In mid-2023, GM abandoned its goal of North American electric vehicle deliveries of 400,000 units from 2022 by mid-2024. It had previously set the timeline of by end of 2023. CEO Mary Barra pointed to failures in the scaling of battery module production while simultaneously blaming lack of consumer demand.<ref>{{cite web |last=Walz |first=Eric |title=GM abandons plan to build 400,000 EVs by mid-2024 |url=https://www.automotivedive.com/news/gm-evs-abandons-plan-build-400000-mid-2024/697670/ |website=Automotive Dive |access-date=November 30, 2023}}</ref>

General Motors and [[LG Chem]] Ltd. have a long-term supply agreement. LG Chem Ltd. will provide GM with more than 500,000 tons of [[cathode]] materials for 24.7 trillion [[South Korean won|won]] (US$18.6 billion). Provided materials to the automaker will be enough for 5 million [[electric vehicles]].<ref>{{Cite news|language=en|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/lg-chem-wins-18-6-billion-ev-cathode-materials-order-from-gm?leadSource=uverify%20wall|title=GM Signs $18.6 Billion EV Cathode Supply Deal With LG Chem|website=Bloomberg| date=February 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-27|archive-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228012213/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/lg-chem-wins-18-6-billion-ev-cathode-materials-order-from-gm?leadSource=uverify%20wall}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.autonews.com/suppliers/huge-ev-supply-deal-reached-between-gm-and-lg-chem|title=GM signs $18.6 billion EV cathode supply deal with LG Chem|website=Automotive News|access-date=2024-02-27|archive-date=2024-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208030241/https://www.autonews.com/suppliers/huge-ev-supply-deal-reached-between-gm-and-lg-chem}}</ref>

In January 2024, GM announced it would once again manufacture a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) while it aims to balance supply of battery electric vehicles with demand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=GM bows to shareholders with PHEV stopgap |url=https://www.evinfocus.com/gm-bows-to-shareholders-with-phev-stopgap/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=EV inFocus |language=en}}</ref>

On April 15, 2024, GM announced that it would relocate its global headquarters from the Renaissance Center to the nearby [[Hudson's Detroit]] development in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-confirms-global-headquarters-move-to-hudsons-detroit-in-2025-video/ |title=GM Confirms Global Headquarters Move To Hudson's Detroit In 2025 |first=Jonathan |last=Lopez |work=GM Authority |date=April 15, 2024 |access-date=2024-04-21}}</ref>

In October 2024, General Motors increased its investment in lithium production by raising its commitment to Canadian mining company Lithium Americas from $650 million to $945 million.{{clarify|reason=US$ or CA$ ?|date=November 2024}} The investment establishes a joint venture with Lithium Americas to develop the Thacker Pass mine in Nevada, one of the largest known lithium resources in the United States, positioning GM to meet growing demand for EVs by reducing dependency on foreign lithium sources.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodgson |first=Camilla |date=2024-10-16 |title=General Motors increases investment in lithium mine to nearly $1bn |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ebeeca69-a560-45e9-a4c9-7204bdd82e11 |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

===Motorsport===
{{see also|Cadillac in Formula One}}
[[File:DSC8983 (51577943248).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Chevrolet Corvette C8.R]] in the [[IMSA SportsCar Championship]]]]

GM participated in the [[World Touring Car Championship]] (WTCC) from 2004 to 2012,<ref>{{cite news | last=Watkins | first=Gary | title=Chevrolet to leave World Touring Car Championship at season's end | url=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/more-racing/a1958086/chevrolet-leave-world-touring-car-championship-seasons-end/ | work=[[Autoweek]] | date=July 4, 2012}}</ref> and has also participated in other motorsport championships, including [[24 Hours of Le Mans]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27672259/all-about-24-hours-of-le-mans-race/ | title=Everything You Need to Know about the 24 Hours of Le Mans Race | first=Rich | last=Ceppos | work=[[Car and Driver]] | date=August 23, 2021}}</ref> [[NASCAR]],<ref>{{cite news |title=General Motors announces leadership for technical center | url=https://nascar.nbcsports.com/2020/09/25/nascar-general-motors-announces-leadership-for-technical-center | first=Daniel | last=McFadin | work=[[NBC Sports]] | date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> [[SCCA]]<ref>{{cite news | title=GM Joins World Challenge GT Manufacturers' Championship | url=https://www.scca.com/articles/1993440-gm-joins-world-challenge-gt-manufacturersa-championship | publisher=[[Sports Car Club of America]] | date=April 22, 2009}}</ref> and [[Supercars Championship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2020/10/chevrolet-camaro-to-join-australias-supercars-championship-in-2022/ |title=Chevrolet Camaro To Join Australia's Supercars Championship To Take On Ford's Mustang In 2022 |first=Brad |last=Anderson |website=carscoops.com |date=October 18, 2020}}</ref>

GM's engines were successful in the [[Indy Racing League]] (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small [[V8 engine|V8]] class. GM has also done much work in the [[development of electronics for GM auto racing]]. An unmodified Aurora V8 in the Aerotech captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the [[Cadillac V-Series]] has entered motorsports racing.

GM has also designed cars specifically for use in [[NASCAR]] auto racing. The [[Chevrolet Camaro]] ZL1 is the only entry in the series.<ref>{{cite press release | url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/racing.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2021/may/0505-chevrolet-racing.html | title=Track and Street Come Closer Together in the all-new Chevrolet NASCAR Next Gen Camaro ZL1 Race Car |work=General Motors |date=May 5, 202 |access-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref> In the past, the [[Pontiac Grand Prix]],<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.foxsports.com/nascar/gallery/pontiacs-greatest-nascar-drivers-042909 | title=Which NASCAR drivers found success in Pontiacs? |work=Fox Sports | date=October 20, 2016}}</ref> [[Buick Regal]], [[Oldsmobile Cutlass]], [[Chevrolet Lumina]], [[Chevrolet Malibu]], [[Chevrolet Monte Carlo]], [[Chevrolet Impala]], and the [[Chevrolet SS]] were also used. GM has won many [[NASCAR Cup Series]] [[List of NASCAR Manufacturers' champions|manufacturer's championships]], including 40 with Chevrolet,<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.jayski.com/2021/11/01/chevrolet-wins-40th-nascar-cup-series-manufacturers-championship/ | title=Chevrolet Wins 40th NASCAR Cup Series Manufacturer's Championship | work=Jayski's Silly Season Site | date=November 1, 2021}}</ref> the most of any make in [[NASCAR]] history, 3 with Oldsmobile, 2 with Buick, and 1 with Pontiac. In 2021, Chevrolet became the first brand to reach 800 wins.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.jayski.com/cup-manufacturers-stats/ | title=NASCAR Cup Manufacturer Stats & Records |work=Jayski's Silly Season Site |date=June 12, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>

In Australia, [[Holden]] cars based on the [[Holden Monaro|Monaro]], [[Holden Torana|Torana]] and [[Holden Commodore|Commodore]] platforms raced in the [[Australian Touring Car Championship]] until [[2022 Supercars Championship|2022]]. Holden won the [[Bathurst 1000]], a record 36 times between [[1968 Bathurst 500|1968]] and [[2022 Bathurst 1000|2022]] and the Australian Touring Car Championship 23 times.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://autoaction.com.au/2022/10/09/2022-bathurst-1000-lap-138-finish-svg-and-tander-salute-the-lion |title=2022 Bathurst 1000 – lap 138-finish: SVG and Tander salute the lion |work=[[Auto Action]] |date=October 9, 2022 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017072631/https://autoaction.com.au/2022/10/09/2022-bathurst-1000-lap-138-finish-svg-and-tander-salute-the-lion |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> From [[2023 Supercars Championship|2023]], the [[Chevrolet Camaro (sixth generation)|Chevrolet Camaro]] will be raced.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/ford-and-chevrolet-unveil-2023-v8-supercars/ |title=Ford and Chevrolet unveil 2023 V8 Supercars |first=Joshua |last=Dowling |work=Drive |date=December 3, 2021 |access-date=October 17, 2022}}</ref>

In November 2024, GM and [[TWG Global]] reached an agreement in principle to enter the [[2026 Formula One World Championship]] under the [[Cadillac in Formula One|Cadillac]] name with the [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]] engine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrari agree to supply General Motors F1 project with power units and gearboxes {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/ferrari-agree-to-supply-general-motors-f1-project-with-power-units-and.5iJ8zSH3IEfakRY5XXt8GM |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Ferrari enters a multi-year agreement with Andretti Formula Racing |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-enters-a-multi-year-agreement-with-andretti-formula-racing |date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Ferrari}}</ref> and would enter as an [[Formula One engines|engine supplier]] at a later date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=Andrew |date=25 November 2024 |title=Formula 1: General Motors agrees in principle to enter F1 in 2026 with Cadillac brand |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/articles/cy8nzlwpn83o |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=[[BBC Sport]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Logo evolution ===
Evolution of the GM logo through the years:<ref name=detnews>[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2021/01/08/general-motors-launches-new-everybody-in-ev-campaign/6594786002/ GM redesigns iconic corporate logo as part new 'Everybody In' EV push] by Kalea Hall on ''The Detroit News'' – January 8, 2021</ref>
<gallery perrow="4" heights="90">
File:Gm logo 1938.png|1938–1964<ref name=detnews/>
File:General Motors logo.svg|[[Mark of Excellence]] (1964–2021)<ref name=detnews/>
File:Logo of General Motors.svg|2001–2021<ref name=detnews/>
File:GM-actualizado.svg|2010–2021<ref name=detnews/>
File:General Motors 2021 gloss.svg|2021 (gradient)<ref name=detnews/>
File:General Motors (2021).svg|2021 (flat)<ref>[https://www.core77.com/posts/104023/GM-Joins-Flat-Logo-Redesign-Movement-Hiding-Electric-Vehicle-Cue-in-the-Design GM Joins Flat Logo Redesign Movement, Hiding Electric Vehicle Cue in the Design] By Rain Noe – January 11, 2021</ref>
File:General motors logo with wordmark.svg|2022 (wordmark)<ref>[https://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2022/jan/q4-earnings-deck-and-cy-2021.pdf GM Brochure], 1 Feb 2022</ref>
</gallery>