Editing Generative science (section)

==Scientific and philosophical origins==
[[File:Airplane vortex edit.jpg|thumb|[[Turbulence]] in the [[Wingtip vortices|tip vortex]] from an [[airplane]] wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for [[chaos theory]], analyzed for example by the [[Soviet physicists|Soviet physicist]] [[Lev Landau]] who developed the [[Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence]]. [[David Ruelle]] and [[Floris Takens]] later predicted, against Landau, that [[fluid turbulence]] could develop through a [[strange attractor]], a main concept of chaos theory.]]
[[File:Forest of synthetic pyramidal dendrites grown using Cajal's laws of neuronal branching.png|thumb|200px|[[Computer simulation]] of the branching architecture of the [[dendrite]]s of [[pyramidal neuron]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Hermann Cuntz | doi = 10.1371/image.pcbi.v06.i08 | title = PLoS Computational Biology Issue Image &#124; Vol. 6(8) August 2010 | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = ev06.ei08 | year = 2010 | doi-access = free }}</ref>]]
[[File:Auklet flock Shumagins 1986.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The natural phenomenon of herd behaviour as in a flock of birds can be modelled artificially using simple rules in individual units, with [[swarm intelligence]] rather than any centralized control.]]

The development of computers and [[automata theory]] laid a technical foundation for the growth of the generative sciences. For example:
*[[Cellular automaton|Cellular automata]] are mathematical representations of simple entities interacting under [[determinism|deterministic]] rules to manifest complex behaviours.  They can be used to model emergent processes of the physical universe, neural cognitive processes and social behavior.<ref name="Kenrick">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.3 | last1 = Kenrick | first1 = DT | last2 = Li | first2 = NP | last3 = Butner | first3 = J | title = Dynamical evolutionary psychology: individual decision rules and emergent social norms | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 110 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–28 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12529056 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.526.5218 | s2cid = 43306158 }}</ref><ref name="EpsteinAxtell">{{cite book|first1=Joshua M.|last1=Epstein|author-link1=Joshua M. Epstein|first2=Robert L.|last2=Axtell|author-link2=Robert Axtell|year=1996|title=Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up|publisher=MIT/Brookings Institution|location=Cambridge MA|page=[https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224 224]|isbn=978-0-262-55025-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/growingartificia00epst/page/224}}</ref><ref name= "Nowak">{{citation |author=Nowak A. |author2=Vallacher R.R. |author3=Tesser A. |author4=Borkowski W. |year=2000 |title=Society of Self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure |journal=Psychological Review |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=39–61 |pmid=10687402 |doi=10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.39}}</ref><ref name= "Epstein">{{citation |author=Epstein J.M. |year=1999 |title=Agent Based Computational Models and Generative Social Science |journal=Complexity |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=41–60 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0526(199905/06)4:5<41::AID-CPLX9>3.0.CO;2-F|bibcode=1999Cmplx...4e..41E |citeseerx=10.1.1.353.5950 }}</ref>
**[[Conway's Game of Life]] is a zero-player game based on cellular automata, meaning that the only input is in setting the initial conditions, and the game is to see how the system evolves.<ref>[http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/ John Conway's Game of Life]</ref>
**In 1996 [[Joshua M. Epstein]] and [[Robert Axtell]] wrote the book ''Growing Artificial Societies'' which proposes a set of automaton rules and a system called ''[[Sugarscape]]'' which models a population dependent on resources (called sugar).
*[[Artificial neural network]]s attempt to solve problems in the same way that the human brain would, although they are still several orders of magnitude less complex than the human brain and closer to the computing power of a worm. Advances in the understanding of the human brain often stimulate new patterns in neural networks.

One of the most influential advances in the generative sciences as related to [[cognitive science]] came from [[Noam Chomsky]]'s (1957) development of [[generative grammar]], which separated language generation from semantic content, and thereby revealed important questions about human language. It was also in the early 1950s that psychologists at the MIT including [[Kurt Lewin]], [[Jacob Levy Moreno]] and [[Fritz Heider]] laid the foundations for [[group dynamics]] research which later developed into [[social network]] analysis.