Editing Genius (section)

==Etymology==
{{Main|Genius (mythology)}}
[[Image:Srinivasa Ramanujan - OPC - 2 (cleaned).jpg|thumb|upright| [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], a [[mathematician]] who is widely regarded as a genius. He made substantial contributions to mathematics despite little formal training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21628904-200-mathematical-proof-reveals-magic-of-ramanujans-genius/|title= Mathematical proof reveals magic of Ramanujan's genius |website=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Confucius]], one of the most influential thinkers of the [[ancient history|ancient world]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b066d0v5|title=Genius of the Ancient World|website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="Confucius4">{{cite book | author = Frank N. Magill | year = 1998 | title = The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1 | quote = That education regime remained the heart of learning in China until the early twentieh century. The flourishing of his pedagogical approach is a testimony to Confucius' genius. | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=_CMl8ziTbKYC&dq=confucius+was+a+genius&pg=PA299 299]| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Readers}}</ref><ref name="Confucius">{{cite book | year = 2016 | title = The Ancient World's Most Influential Philosophers: The Lives and Works of Confucius, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero | publisher = Charles Rivers Editors}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Confucius/|title=Confucius|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><ref name="Confucius2">{{cite book | author = Roger T. Ames | year = 1998 | title = The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation | quote = Confucius is probably the most influential thinker in human history, if influence is determined by the sheer number of people who have lived their lives, and died, in accordance with the thinker's vision of how people ought to live, and die. Like many other epochal figures of the ancient world ... | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ulEnpjoqwTwC&dq=Confucius+influential+thinkers+ancient+world&pg=PA1]| publisher = Ballantine Books}}</ref><ref name="Confucius3">{{cite book | author = Shona Grimbly | year = 2000 | title = Encyclopedia of the Ancient World | quote = The teachings of Confucius proved to be remarkably enduring and had a huge influence on Chinese society for much of the following 2,500 years | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=CRZu51yv1X4C&dq=confucius+influential+thinkers+ancient+world&pg=PA130 1]| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Readers}}</ref> and the most famous [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosopher]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Confucius|title=Confucius|website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|date=16 February 2024 }}</ref> is often considered a genius.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b066d0v5|title=Genius of the Ancient World|website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Charlente Tan | year = 2016 | title = Creativity and Confucius | journal = Journal of Genius and Eminence | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | doi = 10.18536/jge.2016.01.1.1.10 | quote = Confucius qualifies as a creative genius | page = 79}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Steve C. Wang | year = 2000 | title = In Search of Einstein's Genius | journal = Science | volume = 289 | issue = 5844 | doi = 10.18536/jge.2016.01.1.1.10 | quote = Ask people who they associate with the word 'genius' and they will invariably respond 'Einstein.' One could argue that Newton, Archimedes, Shakespeare, and Confucius displayed genius of the same order}}</ref><ref name="Confucius5">{{cite book | author = Frank N. Magill | year = 1998 | title = The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1 | quote = That education regime remained the heart of learning in China until the early twentieh century. The flourishing of his pedagogical approach is a testimony to Confucius's genius. | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=_CMl8ziTbKYC&dq=confucius+was+a+genius&pg=PA299 299]| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Readers}}</ref><ref name="Confucius6">{{cite book | author = Raymond Bernard | year = 1970 | title = Prenatal Origin of Genius| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=NLFVDEgKgowC&dq=confucius+was+a+genius&pg=PA48 48]| publisher = Health Research}}</ref>]]

In [[ancient Rome]], the ''[[Genius (mythology)|genius]]'' (plural in Latin ''genii'') was the guiding spirit or [[tutelary deity]] of a [[person]], family (''[[gens]]''), or place (''[[genius loci]]'').<ref>genius. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genius</ref> Connotations of the word in Latin have a lineal relationship with the Greek word ''[[Daimon|daemon]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laertius |first=Diogenes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbwUAAAAQAAJ |title=Diogenis Laertii De clarorum philosophorum vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus libri decem: Ex Italicis codicibus nunc primum excussis recensuit C. Gabr. Cobet; Accedunt Olympiodori, Ammonii, Iamblichi, Porphyrii et aliorum vitae Platonis, Aristotelis, Pythagorae, Platoni et Isiodori Ant. Westermano et Marini vita Procli J.F. Boissonadio edentibus |publisher=Didot |year=1862 |pages=152 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=daemon {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of daemon by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/daemon |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=genius {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of genius by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/genius |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> in classical and medieval texts'','' and also share a relationship with the Arabic word ''al-ghul'' (as in the star ''Algol''; its literal meaning being "the Demon").<ref>{{Cite web |title=algol {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of algol by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Algol |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

The noun is related to the [[Latin conjugation|Latin verb]]s "gignere" (to beget, to give birth to) and "generare" (to beget, to generate, to procreate), and derives directly from the Indo-European stem thereof: "ǵenh" (to produce, to beget, to give birth). Because the achievements of exceptional individuals seemed to indicate the presence of a particularly powerful ''genius'', by the time of [[Augustus]], the word began to acquire its secondary meaning of "inspiration, talent".<ref>''[[Oxford Latin Dictionary]]'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), entries on ''genius'', p. 759, and ''gigno'', p. 764.</ref> The term ''genius'' acquired its modern sense in the eighteenth century, and is a conflation of two Latin terms: ''genius'', as above, and ''Ingenium'', a related noun referring to our innate dispositions, talents, and inborn nature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Shaw|first = Tamsin |year = 2014 |title = Wonder Boys? |url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/oct/09/wonder-boys-genius/ |journal = [[The New York Review of Books]] |volume = 61 |number = 15 |access-date = 5 October 2014 }}</ref> Beginning to blend the concepts of the divine and the talented, the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' article on genius (génie) describes such a person as "he whose soul is more expansive and struck by the feelings of all others; interested by all that is in nature never to receive an idea unless it evokes a feeling; everything excites him and on which nothing is lost."<ref>Saint-Lambert, Jean-François de (ascribed). "Genius". ''The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project''. Translated by John S.D. Glaus Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2007. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.819>. Trans. of "Génie", ''Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers'', vol. 7. Paris, 1757.</ref>