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Gentoo penguin
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==Names== The application of "gentoo" to the penguin is unclear. ''[[Gentoo (term)|Gentoo]]'' was an Anglo-Indian term to distinguish [[Hindu]]s from Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dalgado |first1=Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado |title=Portuguese vocables in Asiatic languages: from the Portuguese original of Monsignor Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Volume 1 |last2=Soares |first2=Anthony Xavier |date=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120604131 |pages=167–16}}</ref> The English term may have originated from the Portuguese ''gentio'' ("pagan, [[gentile]]"). Some speculate that the white patch on the bird's head was thought to resemble a [[turban]].<ref name="Campbell"/> It may also be a variation of another name for this bird, "Johnny penguin", with Johnny being the Spanish counterpart of {{lang|es|Juanito}} and sounding vaguely like gentoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chester|first=Jonathan|title=Penguins: Birds of Distinction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HIXAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Australia|isbn=978-0-14-025968-1|page=42|quote= Until the 1930s, the gentoo was generally known in the [[Falklands]] as the Johnny penguin.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=gentoo penguin |dictionary=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=5 |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/gentoo+penguin}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=J.C.|author-link=J.C. Beaglehole|title=The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCQxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT910|volume=II|year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-54324-8|page=910|quote= In the 18th century, English-speaking sealers commonly called [the gentoo] the Johnny penguin. The Spanish translation of this was ''Juanito'', which has degenerated into gentoo.}}</ref> The [[Johnny rook]], a predator, is likely named after the Johnny penguin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gorman|first=James|title=The Total Penguin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TVHAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-925041-5|page=87|quote= Sealers called it the "Johnny penguin" or "John penguin." In that incarnation, it seems to have given its name to the [[striated caracara]], a bird of prey that feeds on young gentoo penguins in the Falklands and is called the "Johnny rook".}}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''papua'' is a [[misnomer]]; in the original description, [[Johann Reinhold Forster]], a naturalist who had circumnavigated the world with Captain [[James Cook]], mistakenly assumed that the species occurred in Papua ([[New Guinea]]), the closest gentoos being over 6000 km to the south (on [[Macquarie Island]]).<ref name="Campbell">{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=David G.|title=The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-p9KuhqhPUC&pg=PT278|year=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-547-52761-1|page=278}}</ref> No penguins are found in New Guinea.<ref>{{cite book|last=Troelstra|first=Anne S.|title=Bibliography of Natural History Travel Narratives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA411|year=2017|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-34378-8|pages=411–}}</ref> Others trace the error to a "possibly fraudulent claim" in 1776 by French naturalist [[Pierre Sonnerat]], who also alleged a Papuan location for the [[king penguin]] despite never having been to the island himself.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Jeannie|last2=Fraser|first2=Ian|title=Australian Bird Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1TCqHVWQp0C&pg=PT42|year=2013|publisher=Csiro|isbn=978-0-643-10471-6|page=42}}</ref>
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