Editing Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (section)

== History ==
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring an Indian launch capability for [[geosynchronous satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|title=GSLV Launched Successfully|journal=Current Science|date=May 2001|volume=80|issue=10|page=1256|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/may252001/1254.pdf|access-date=12 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=flGSLVQuest>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=The GSLV Quest|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl1806/18060820.htm|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=March 17–31, 2001}}</ref>

GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]] (PSLV) launch vehicles in the form of the S125/S139 [[solid rocket booster]] and the [[Liquid-propellant rocket|liquid-fueled]] [[Vikas (rocket engine)|Vikas engine]]. Due to the thrust required for injecting the satellite in a [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO) the third stage was to be powered by a [[LOX]]/[[LH2|LH<sub>2</sub>]] Cryogenic engine which at that time India did not possess or have the technological expertise to build. The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:GS2 stage for GSLVF16.jpg|Second stage of GSLV (GS2) for the [[GSLV F16]] flight|thumb|left]]
[[File:GSLV-F14, INSAT-3DS - Third stage GS3 being transported to VAB.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage [[CE-7.5]] of GSLV]]

The first development flight of the GSLV (Mk I configuration) was launched on 18 April 2001 was a failure as the payload failed to reach the intended orbit parameters. The launcher was declared operational after the second development flight successfully launched the [[GSAT-2]] satellite. During the initial years from the initial launch to 2014 the launcher had a checkered history with only 2 successful launches out of 7, resulting in the rocket gaining the nickname "naughty boy".<ref name="Naughty">{{cite web|title=GSLV Rocket, Billed 'Naughty Boy'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gslv-rocket-billed-naughty-boy-by-scientists-is-now-adorable-1456610|website=NDTV|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211150611/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gslv-rocket-billed-naughty-boy-by-scientists-is-now-adorable-1456610|archive-date=11 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Jacob Aron|title=India's hefty "naughty boy" rocket comes in from cold|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24821-indias-hefty-naughty-boy-rocket-comes-in-from-cold/ |website=New Scientist|access-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211151103/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24821-indias-hefty-naughty-boy-rocket-comes-in-from-cold/ |archive-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

=== Cryogenic engine controversy ===
The third stage was to be procured from Russian company [[Glavkosmos]], including transfer of technology and design details of the engine based on an agreement signed in 1991.<ref name=flGSLVQuest/> Russia backed out of the deal after United States objected to the deal as in violation of the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]] (MTCR) in May 1992. As a result, ISRO initiated the '''Cryogenic Upper Stage Project''' in April 1994 and began developing its own cryogenic engine.<ref name=GSLVGopalRaj>{{cite news|last=Raj|first=N Gopal|title=The long road to cryogenic technology
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-road-to-cryogenic-technology/article397441.ece|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 April 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> A new agreement was signed with Russia for 7 [[KVD-1]] cryogenic stages and 1 ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of 5 cryogenic stages along with the technology and design as per the earlier agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|title=The cryogenic quest|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090140.htm|access-date=13 December 2013|newspaper=Frontline|date=28 April – 11 May 2001}}</ref> These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk I.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal |url=https://thewire.in/138915/cryogenic-ce-20-isro-gslv-mk-iii/|publisher=The Wire|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref>