Editing Getting Things Done (section)

== Themes ==
Allen first demonstrates stress reduction from the method with the following exercise,{{anchor|topOfMind}} centered on a task that has an unclear outcome or whose next action is not defined. Allen calls these sources of stress{{efn|name=identifyAnUndefined |1= Allen claims stress can be reduced and productivity increased by ''identifying'' and ''tagging'' a stressor.<ref name= Allen2015 />{{rp|14}}}} "open loops", "incompletes", or "stuff".<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|13}}{{efn|name=attendToTheStressor |1= When letting one's mind flow like water to the stressor, a corresponding feeling arises in one's body (say a finger, or elbow), or possibly an emotion such as anger; in a martial art, the practitioner does not betray that feeling; instead the practitioner remains vigilant, retains posture, and seeks to influence the possible outcome.<ref name= Allen2001 />{{rp|13}}}}
#{{anchor|stuff}}The most annoying, distracting, or interesting task is chosen, and defined as an "incomplete".{{efn|name=attendToTheStressor }}
# A description of the successful outcome of the "incomplete" is written down in one sentence, along with the criteria by which the task will be considered completed.{{efn|name=identifyCriterion |1= Once the source of the stressor is identified or tagged, one's mind can move ''beyond'' that specific problem, say to the cost, or to the benefit. The specific cost/benefit can then be formulated ''in words'' and written down, say using the tags or identifiers.<ref name= Allen2001 />{{rp|13}} }}
# The next step required to approach completion of the task is written down.{{efn|name=projectTheSolution |1= Once the problem is identified with tags, one's mind can move ''beyond'' the stressor to the next stage, say to the effect of completing the prospective task.<ref name= Allen2001 />{{rp|13}}}}
# A self-assessment is made of the emotions experienced after completing the steps of this process.{{efn|name=movingBeyondTheProblem |1= Once one's mind has moved beyond a problem, the mind is freed of it, and the practitioner can move on.<ref name= Allen2015 />{{rp|14}}}}
He claims stress can be reduced and productivity increased by putting reminders about everything one is not working on into a trusted system external to one's mind. In this way, one can work on the task at hand without distraction from the "incompletes".<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|14}} The system in GTD requires one to have the following tools within easy reach:
 
*{{anchor|tools}}An inbox
* A trash can
* A filing system for reference material
* Several lists ([[#oval4|detailed below]])
* A calendar (either a paper-based or [[digital calendar]])

These tools can be physical or electronic as appropriate (e.g., a physical "in" tray or an email inbox).<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|88}} Then, as "stuff" enters one's life, it is captured in these tools and processed with the following workflow.<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|27}}

=== Workflow ===
[[File:GTDcanonical.png|thumb|256px|Logic tree diagram illustrating the second and third steps (process/clarify and organize) of the five-step Getting Things Done workflow.
''Note: In the second edition, names of the five steps were changed to '''Capture''', '''Clarify''', '''Organize''', '''Reflect''', and '''Engage'''''.]]
The GTD workflow consists of five stages. The workflow is driven by five steps (numbered on the top-left in the diagram on the right): capture, clarify, organize, reflect, and engage.<ref name="Allen2014">{{Cite web |last=David Allen |date=2001 |title=Getting Things Done: Five Simple Steps That Apply Order To Chaos |url=https://gettingthingsdone.com/what-is-gtd/ |access-date=July 27, 2019 |website=gettingthingsdone.com}}</ref> (The first edition used the names collect, process, organize, plan, and do;<ref name="Allen2001" /> the descriptions of the stages are similar in both editions). Once all the material ("stuff") is captured (or collected) in the inbox,<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|106}} each item is clarified<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|122}} and organized<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|141}} by asking and answering questions about each item in turn as shown in the black boxes in the logic tree diagram. As a result, items end up in one of the eight oval end points in the diagram:
*{{anchor|oval1}} in the trash
*{{anchor|oval2}} on the someday/maybe list
*{{anchor|oval3}} in a neat reference filing system
*{{anchor|oval4}} on a list of tasks, with the outcome and next action defined if the "incomplete" is a "project" (i.e., if it will require two or more steps to complete it)
*{{anchor|oval5}} immediately completed and checked off if it can be completed in under two minutes
*{{anchor|oval6}} delegated to someone else and, if one wants a reminder to follow up, added to a "waiting for" list
*{{anchor|oval7}} on a context-based "next action" list if there is only one step to complete it
*{{anchor|oval8}} on one's calendar<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|27}}
Empty one's inbox or inboxes daily or at least weekly ("in" to empty).<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|122}} Do not use one's inbox as a "to do" list. Do not put clarified items back into the inbox.<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|27}} Emptying one's inbox does not mean finishing everything. It just means applying the "capture, clarify, organize" steps to all one's "stuff".<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|27}}

{{anchor|NextStep}}Next, reflection (termed planning in the first edition) occurs. Multi-step projects identified above are assigned a desired outcome and a single "next action".<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|191}} Finally, a task from one's [[Time management#Implementation of goals|task list]] is worked on ("engage" in the 2nd edition, "do" in the 1st edition) unless the calendar dictates otherwise. One selects which task to work on next by considering where one is (i.e., the "context", such as at home, at work, out shopping, by the phone, at one's computer, with a particular person), time available, energy available, and priority.<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|204}}

=== Implementation ===
Because hardware and software is changing so rapidly, GTD is deliberately technologically neutral. (In fact, Allen advises people to start with a paper-based system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forrister |first=Kelly |date=August 2, 2010 |title=Which list manager should I use for GTD? |url=http://www.gtdtimes.com/2010/08/02/which-list-manager-should-i-use-for-gtd/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806051902/http://www.gtdtimes.com/2010/08/02/which-list-manager-should-i-use-for-gtd/ |archive-date=August 6, 2010 |access-date=January 4, 2015 |website=GTD Times |publisher=The David Allen Company}}</ref>) Many [[task management]] tools claim to implement GTD methodology<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forrister |first=Kelly |date=May 4, 2009 |title=Simply GTD with Kelly: Getting Started |url=http://www.davidco.com/blogs/kelly/archives/getting_started/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829205707/http://www.davidco.com/blogs/kelly/archives/getting_started |archive-date=August 29, 2010 |access-date=August 22, 2010 |publisher=The David Allen Company |quote=If you're at all familiar with GTD you know that David Allen does not tell you which tools to use--GTD is tool agnostic--so those choices are up to you. Not saying all tools, software programs, paper planners work seamlessly with GTD, but where you organize your stuff is up to you.}}</ref> and Allen maintains a list of some technology that has been adopted in or designed for GTD. Some are designated "GTD Enabled", meaning Allen was involved in the design.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Common Tools & Software |url=https://gettingthingsdone.com/common-tools-software/ |access-date=May 30, 2014 |website=Getting Things Done website |publisher=David Allen Co.}}</ref>

=== Perspective ===
Allen emphasizes two key elements of GTD—''control'' and ''perspective''. The workflow is the center of the control aspect. The goal of the control processes in GTD is to get everything except the current task out of one's head and into this trusted system external to one's mind. He borrows a [[simile]] used in [[martial arts]] termed "mind like water". When a small object is thrown into a pool of water, the water responds appropriately with a small splash followed by quiescence. When a large object is thrown in the water again responds appropriately with a large splash followed by quiescence. The opposite of "mind like water" is a mind that never returns to quiescence but remains continually stressed by every input.<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|12}} With a trusted system and "mind like water" one can have a better perspective on one's life. {{anchor|sixLevels}}Allen recommends reflection from six levels, called "Horizons of Focus":<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|215–219}}
*{{anchor|h5}} Horizon 5: Life
*{{anchor|h4}} Horizon 4: Long-term visions
*{{anchor|h3}} Horizon 3: 1–2 year goals
*{{anchor|h2}} Horizon 2: Areas of focus and accountability
*{{anchor|h1}} Horizon 1: Current projects
*{{anchor|h0}} Ground: Current actions

Unlike some theories, which focus on [[wikt:top-down|top-down]] goal-setting, GTD works in the opposite direction. Allen argues that it is often difficult for individuals to focus on big picture goals if they cannot sufficiently control the day-to-day tasks that they frequently must face.<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|54}} By developing and using the trusted system that deals with day-to-day inputs, an individual can free up mental space to begin moving up to the next level.<ref name= Allen2001 />{{rp|13}}

Allen recommends scheduling a weekly review, reflecting on the [[#sixLevels|six different levels]]. The perspective gained from these reviews should drive one's priorities at the project level.<ref name="Allen2015" />{{rp|50}} Priorities at the project level in turn determine the priority of the individual tasks and commitments gathered during the workflow process. During a weekly review, determine the context for the tasks and put each task on its appropriate list. An example of grouping together similar tasks would be making a list of outstanding telephone calls, or the tasks/errands to perform while out shopping. Context lists can be defined by the set of tools available or by the presence of individuals or groups for whom one has items to discuss or present.<ref name= Allen2001 />{{rp|35}}

=== Summary ===
GTD is based on storing, tracking, and retrieving the information related to each thing that needs to get done. Mental blocks we encounter are caused by insufficient 'front-end' [[planning]]. This involves thinking in advance, and generating a series of actions which can later be undertaken without further planning. The mind's "reminder system" is inefficient and seldom (or too often) reminds us of what we need to do at the time and place when we can do it. Consequently, the "[[#oval7|next action]]s" stored by context in the "[[#tools|trusted system]]" act as an external support which ensures that we are presented with the right reminders at the right time. As GTD relies on external reminders, it can be seen as an application of the theories of [[distributed cognition]] or the [[extended mind]].<ref name="Heylighen2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Heylighen |first1=Francis |author-link=Francis Heylighen |last2=Vidal |first2=Clément |date=December 2008 |title=Getting Things Done: The Science behind Stress-Free Productivity |url=http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/GTD-cognition.pdf |journal=Long Range Planning: International Journal of Strategic Management |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=585–605 |citeseerx=10.1.1.161.441 |doi=10.1016/j.lrp.2008.09.004 |issn=0024-6301}}</ref>