Editing Ghassanids (section)

==Establishment==

=== Genealogy and emigration from South Arabia ===
In the Arab genealogical tradition, which developed during the early Islamic period, the Ghassanids were considered a branch of the [[Azd]] tribe of [[South Arabia]]. In this genealogical scheme, their ancestor was [[Jafnah ibn Amr|Jafna]], a son of [[Muzayqiya|Amr Muzayqiya ibn Amir ibn Haritha ibn Imru’ al Qais ibn Tha’labah ibn Mazin ibn Azd]], through whom the Ghassanids were purportedly linked with the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] (the [[Banu Aws|Aws]] and [[Banu Khazraj|Khazraj]] tribes of [[Medina]]), who were the descendants of Jafna's brother Tha'laba.{{sfn|Ulrich|2019|pp=29–30}} According to the historian [[Brian Ulrich (historian)|Brian Ulrich]], the links between Ghassan, the Ansar, and the wider Azd are historically tenuous, as these groups are almost always counted separately from each other in sources other than post-8th-century genealogical works and the story of the 'Scattering of Azd'.{{sfn|Ulrich|2019|p=13}} In the latter story, the Azd migrate northward from South Arabia and different groups of the tribe split off in different directions, with the Ghassan being one such group.{{sfn|Ulrich|2019|p=31}}

=== Settlement in the Roman frontier ===
Per the "Scattering of Azd" story, the Ghassanids eventually settled within the [[limes (Roman Empire)|Roman ''limes'']].<ref name="Hoberman">{{cite journal |last=Hoberman |first=Barry |title=The King of Ghassan |journal=Saudi Aramco World |date=March–April 1983 |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198302/the.king.of.ghassan.htm |access-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111134936/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198302/the.king.of.ghassan.htm|archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/view/title/1481 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |chapter=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume II (C-G): &#91;Fasc. 23-40, 40a&#93; |volume=II (C-G): [Fasc. 23-40, 40a] |date=1998-05-28|publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-07026-4 |language=en |page=1020}}</ref> The tradition of Ghassanid migration finds support in the [[Geography (Ptolemy)|''Geography'' of Ptolemy]], which locates a tribe called the Kassanitai south of the [[Kinaidokolpitai]] and the river Baitios (probably the [[wadi]] [[Baysh Dam|Baysh]]). These are probably the people called Casani in [[Pliny the Elder]], Gasandoi in [[Diodorus Siculus]] and Kasandreis in [[Photios I of Constantinople]] (relying on older sources).{{sfn|Cuvigny|Robin|1996|pp=704–706}}{{sfn|Bukharin|2009|p=68}} The date of the migration to the Levant is unclear, but they are believed to have first arrived in the region of Syria between 250 and 300, with later waves of migration circa 400.<ref name="Hoberman"/> Their earliest appearance in records is dated to 473, when their chief, Amorkesos, signed a treaty with the [[Byzantine Empire]] acknowledging their status as ''[[foederati]]'' controlling parts of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]. He apparently became a [[Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian Christian]] at this time. By the year 510, the Ghassanids were no longer [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysites]], but Chalcedonian.<ref>Irfan Shahid, 1989, ''Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century''.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=March 2025}}