Editing Glow stick (section)

== History ==
[[Bis(2,4,5-trichloro-6-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl)oxalate]], trademarked "Cyalume", was invented in 1971 by Michael M. Rauhut,<ref>{{cite journal
 | title   = Chemiluminescence from concerted peroxide decomposition reactions (science)
 | first   = Michael M.
 | last    = Rauhut
 | journal = Accounts of Chemical Research
 | volume  = 2
 | issue   = 3
 | pages   = 80–87
 | year    = 1969
 | doi     = 10.1021/ar50015a003}}</ref> of [[American Cyanamid]], based on work by Edwin A. Chandross and David Iba Sr. of [[Bell Labs]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=What's that stuff? Light Sticks | journal=[[Chemical & Engineering News]] | first=Elizabeth | last=Wilson | date=August 22, 1999 | volume=77 | issue=3 | page=65 | url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~cem333/CENLightSticks.html | format=reprint | doi=10.1021/cen-v077n003.p065 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519135752/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~cem333/CENLightSticks.html | archive-date=May 19, 2012| url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 | title   = A new chemiluminescent system
 | first   = Edwin A.
 | last    = Chandross
 | journal = Tetrahedron Letters
 | volume  = 4
 | issue   = 12
 | pages   = 761–765
 | year    = 1963
 | doi     = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)90712-9}}</ref>

Other early work on chemiluminescence was carried out at the same time, by researchers under Herbert Richter at [[China Lake Naval Weapons Center]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Rood, S. A. | work=Government Laboratory Technology Transfer: Process and Impact Assessment (Doctoral Dissertation) | title=Chapter 4 Post-Legislation Cases | hdl=10919/30585 | url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30585 | access-date=2020-09-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026003358/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-5298-191116/unrestricted/cases2.pdf | archive-date=2015-10-26 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=The great glow stick controversy (Forum Section) | author=Steve Givens | date=July 27, 2005 | url=http://www.studlife.com/archives/Forum/2005/07/27/Thegreatglowstickcontroversy/| publisher=Student Life}}</ref>

Several US [[patent]]s for glow stick-type devices were issued in 1973–74.<ref>Dubrow, B and Guth E. (1973-11-20) "Packaged chemiluminescent material" {{US Patent |3774022}}</ref><ref>Gilliam, C and Hall, T. (1973-10-09) "Chemical lighting device" {{US Patent |3764796}}</ref><ref>Richter, H. and Tedrick, R. (1974-06-25) "Chemiluminescent device" {{US Patent |3819925}}</ref> A later 1976 patent<ref>Lyons, John H.; Little, Steven M.; Esposito, Vincent J. (1976-01-20) "Chemiluminescent signal device" {{US Patent |3933118}}</ref> recommended a single glass ampoule that is suspended in a second substance, that when broken and mixed together, provide the chemiluminescent light. The design also included a stand for the signal device so it could be thrown from a moving vehicle and remain standing in an upright position on the road. The idea was this would replace traditional emergency roadside flares and would be superior, since it was not a fire hazard, would be easier and safer to deploy, and would not be made ineffective if struck by passing vehicles. This design, with its single glass ampoule inside a plastic tube filled with a second substance that when bent breaks the glass and then is shaken to mix the substances, most closely resembles the typical glow stick sold today.{{cn|date=February 2021}}

In the early 1980s the majority of glow sticks were produced in [[Novato, California]] by Omniglow Corp. Omniglow completed a [[leveraged buyout]] of American Cyanamid's chemical light division in 1994 and became the leading supplier of glow sticks worldwide until going out of business in 2014. Most glow sticks seen today are now made in China.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What's That Stuff? - Light Sticks|url=https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/7703scit4.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=pubsapp.acs.org}}</ref>

[[Image:Lightstick disassembly.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Disassembly of a chemoluminescent glow stick, from left to right: (1) original, intact lightstick; (2) opened glow stick with peroxide mixture poured into a graduated cylinder and glass ampoule of fluorophore removed; (3) all three under UV illumination showing fluorophore fluorescence and plastic container fluorescence; (4) chemoluminescence of mixed substances in the graduated cylinder; (5) the mixture returned to the original plastic container, showing a slightly different (more orange) colour of light emission.]]